Impact of the use of probiotics on oral biofilme
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5335/rfo.v25i1.10065Keywords:
Probiotics, biofilm, caries, periodontitis.Abstract
Objectives: the objective of this study was to carry out an integrative review on the impact of the use of probiotics on oral biofilm. Literature review: the search was done in the databases Scielo, Science Direct, PubMed and LILACS, using the terms probiotics, biofilm, caries and periodontitis, in Portuguese and English. The studies selected were those that delimited the subject in relation to the oral biofilm. A total of 1689 articles were found and 48 were selected. The results demonstrated optimum employability of probiotics, since only 2 of the selected articles did not obtain positive results. Among the probiotic bacteria, Lactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus casei were the most used. Viscous products are suggested as a means of use because of their good substantivity. Final considerations: it is recommended that further studies be conducted with comparable methodologies to better understand the effect of probiotics on oral biofilm and to standardize doses, mode of administration, duration of their effect, as well as the most effective strains and bacterial species for each objective. Mainly, to better understand its mechanism of action so that an efficient and safe technique for its application can be registered.
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References
1 Carneiro, TRA. Efeitos das cepas probioticas de Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356, Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 1465 e ATCC 7469 sobre o crescimento planctonico e formação de biofilme de Streptococcus mutans UA 159 [Dissertação]. São José dos Campos: Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista; 2015.
2 Holz C, Alexander C, Balcke C, Moré M, Auinger A, Bauer M, et al. Lactobacillus paracasei DSMZ16671 Reduces Mutans Streptococci: A Short-Term Pilot Study. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins. Probióticos Antimicrob Proteins. 2013; 5(4):259-263.
3 Elavarasu S, Suthanthiran T, Thangavelu A, Kanagaraj SS, Mohandas L, Sekar S. Evaluation of efficacy of probiotic (BIFILAC) on Porphyromonas gingivalis: In vitro study. Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences. 2016; 8(Suppl 1):S45-S47.
4 Nozari A, Motamedifar M, Seifi N, Hatamizargaran Z, Ranjbar MA. The Effect of Iranian Customary Used Probiotic Yogurt on the Children’s Salivary Cariogenic Microflora. Journal of Dentistry. 2015; 16(2):81-86.
5 Cogolu D, Topaloglu-Aka A, Caglar E, Sandalli N, Karagozlu C, Ersin N. Potential effects of a multistrain probiotic-kefir on salivary Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp. Journal of Dental Sciences. 2010; 5(3):144-149.
6 Oliveira, LV de. Avaliação da microbiota bucal após a ingestão de leite fermentado contendo probiótico[Monografia]. Araçatuba: Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; 2012.
7 Nishihara T, Suzuki N1, Yoneda M, Hirofuji T. Effects of Lactobacillus salivarius-containing tablets on caries risk factors: a randomized open-label clinical trial. BMC Oral Health. 2014; 14:110.
8 Fernández CE, Giacaman RA, Tenuta LM, Cury JA. Effect of the Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus LB21 on the Cariogenicity of Streptococcus mutans UA159 in a Dual-Species Biofilm Model. Send to Caries Res. 2015; 49(6):583-90.
9 Penala S, Kalakonda B, Pathakota KR, et al. Efficacy of local use of probiotics as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in chronic periodontitis and halitosis: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Research in Pharmacy Practice. 2016; 5(2):86-93.
10 Leão MPV, Cássia RC, dos Santos SSF, e Silva CRG, Cardoso JAO. Influence of consumption of probiotics on presence of enterobacteria in the oral cavity. Braz. oral res. 2011; 25(5): 401-406.
11 Teughels W, Durukan A, Ozcelik O, Pauwels M, Quirynen M, Haytac MC. Clinical and microbiological effects of Lactobacillus reuteri probiotics in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 2013; 40(11):1025-1035.
12 Shah MP, Gujjari SK, Chandrasekhar VS. Evaluation of the Effect of Probiotic (Inersan®) Alone, Combination of Probiotic with Doxycycline and Doxycycline Alone on Aggressive Periodontitis – A Clinical and Microbiological Study. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research : JCDR. 2013; 7(3):595-600.
13 Maekawa T, Hajishengallis G. Topical treatment with probiotic Lactobacillus brevis CD2 inhibits experimental periodontal inflammation and bone loss. Journal of periodontal research. 2014; 49(6):785-791.
14 Mendi A, Köse S, Uçkan D, et al. Lactobacillus rhamnosus could inhibit Porphyromonas gingivalis derived CXCL8 attenuation. Journal of Applied Oral Science. 2016; 24(1):67-75.
15 Schwendicke F, Horb K, Kneist S, Dörfer C, Paris S, et al. Effects of heat-inactivated Bifidobacterium BB12 on cariogenicity of Streptococcus mutans in vitro. Arch Oral Biol. 2014; 59(12):1384-1390.
16 Jalasvuori H, Haukioja A, Tenovuo J. Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri strains ATCC PTA 5289 and ATCC 55730 differ in their cariogenic properties in vitro. Arch Oral Biol. 2012; 57(12):1633-1638.
17 Busarcevic M, Kojic M, Dalgalarrondo M, Chobert JM, Haertlé T, Topisirovic L. Purification of bacteriocin LS1 produced by human oral isolate Lactobacillus salivarius BGHO1. Oral Microbiology Immunol.2008; 23(3):254–258.
18 Ling-Ju C, Hsiu-Ting T, Wei-Jen C, Chu-Yang H, Pi-Chieh W, Chung-Shih C. In vitro antagonistic growth effects of Lactobacillus fermentum and lactobacillus salivarius and their fermentative broth on periodontal pathogens. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 2012; 43(4):1376-1384.
19 Petersson LG, Magnusson K, Hakestam U, Baigi A. Reversal of primary root caries lesions after daily intake of milk supplemented with fluoride and probiotic lactobacilli in older adults. Twetman S Acta Odontol Scand. 2011; 69(6):321-7.
20 Taipale T, Pienihäkkinen K, Alanen P, Jokela J, Söderling. Administration of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 in early childhood: a post-trial effect on caries occurrence at four years of age. Caries Res. 2013; 47(5):364-72.
21 Cagetti MG, Mastroberardino S, Milia E, Cocco F, Lingström P, Campus G. The use of probiotic strains in caries prevention: a systematic review. Nutrients. 2013; 5(7):2530–2550.
22 Rebolledo M, Rojas E, Salgado F. Effect of two probiotics containing lactobacillus casei rhamnosus and lactobacillus johnsonii variety on the in vitro growth of treptococcus mutans. Int. j. odontostomatol. 2013; 7(3):415-419.
23 Lin TH, Pan TM. Inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101 on rat dental caries. Journal of functional foods. 2014; 10:223-231.
24 Teanpaisan, R.; Piwat, S. Lactobacillus paracasei SD1, a novel probiotic, reduces mutans streptococci in human volunteers: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Clin Oral Investig. 2014; 18(3):857-862.
25 Wu CC, Lin CT, Wu CY, Peng WS, Lee MJ, Tsai YC. Inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus salivarius on Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation. Mol Oral Microbiol. 2015; 30(1):16-26.
26 Lin X, Chen X, Chen Y, Jiang W, Chen H. The effect of five probiotic lactobacilli strains on the growth and biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans. Oral Dis. 2015; 21(1):e128-34.
27 Yousuf A, Nagaraj A, Ganta S, Sidiq M, Pareek S, Vishnani P. Comparative Evaluation of Commercially Available Freeze Dried Powdered Probiotics on Mutans Streptococci Count: A Randomized, Double Blind, Clinical Study. J Dent (Tehran). 2015; 12(10):729-38.
28 Mahantesha T, Reddy KMP, Kumar NHP, Nara A, Ashwin D, et al. Comparative Study of Probiotic Ice Cream and Probiotic Drink on Salivary Streptococcus mutans Levels in 6-12 Years Age Group Children. J Int Oral Health. 2015; 7(9):47-50.
29 Ashwin D, Ke V, Taranath M, Ramagoni NK, Nara A, Sarpangala M. Effect of Probiotic Containing Ice-cream on Salivary Mutans Streptococci (SMS) Levels in Children of 6-12 Years of Age: A Randomized Controlled Double Blind Study with Six-months Follow Up. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research : JCDR. 2015; 9(2):ZC06-ZC09.
30 Lodi CS, Oliveira LV, Brighenti FL, Delbem AC, Martinhon CC. Effects of probiotic fermented milk on biofilms, oral microbiota, and enamel. Braz. oral res. 2015; 29(1):1-1.
31 Velloso MS. Efeitos de Lactobacillus spp. isolados da cavidade bucal de indivíduos livres de cárie sobre Streptococcus mutans: estudo do potencial probióticos [dissertação]. São Paulo: Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista; 2016.
32 Witzler JJP. Desenvolvimento de pastilha potencialmente probiótica [Dissertação]. Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, 2016.
33 Jiang Q, Stamatova I, Kainulainen V, Korpela R, Meurman JH. Interactions between Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and oral microorganisms in an in vitro biofilm model. BMC Microbiology. 2016; 16:149.
34 Kim YJ, Lee SH. Inhibitory Effect of Lactococcus lactis HY 449 on Cariogenic Biofilm. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2016; 26(11):1829-1835.
35 Amižić I P, Cigić L, Gavić L, Radić M, Lukenda DB, Tonkić M, et al. Antimicrobial efficacy of probiotic-containing toothpastes: an in vitro evaluation. Med Glas (Zenica). 2017; 14(1):139-144.
36 Oka S. Potential synergistic effects of a mixture of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) cement and Bacillus subtilis in dental caries treatment. Odontology. 2017; 106(6).
37 Savabi O, Kazemi M, Kamali S, Salehi AR, Eslami G, Tahmourespour A. Effects of biosurfactant produced by Lactobacillus casei on gtfB, gtfC, and ftf gene expression level in S. mutans by real-time RT-PCR. Adv Biomed Res. 2014; 29(3):231.
38 Salehi R, Savabi O, Kazemi M, Kamali S, Salehi AR, Eslami G, et al. Effects of Lactobacillus reuteri-derived biosurfactant on the gene expression profile of essential adhesion genes (gtfB, gtfC and ftf) of Streptococcus mutans. Adv Biomed Res. 2014; 19(3):169.
39 Makino LES, Peralta FS, Scherma AP, e Silva CRG, Leão MVP, dos Santos SSF. Avaliação in vitro da influência de lactobacillus casei na aderência de enterobacter cloacae em células epiteliais da mucosa jugal. Braz J Periodontol. 2014; 24(4):15-21.
40 Imran F, Padmanabhan S, Rao R, Suresh A, Bharath D. Evaluation of the efficacy of a probiotic drink containing Lactobacillus casei on the levels of periodontopathic bacteria in periodontitis: A clinico-microbiologic study. Indian J Dent Res. 2015; 26(5):462-8.
41 Melo TA, dos Santos TF, de Almeida ME, Junior LAGF, Andrade EF, Rezende RP, et al. Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm by Lactobacillus isolated from fine cocoa. BMC Microbiology. 2016; 16:250.
42 Jäsberg H, Söderling E, Endo A, Beighton D, Haukioja A. Bifidobacteria inhibit the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis but not of Streptococcus mutans in an in vitro biofilm model. Eur J Oral Sci.2016; 124(3):251-8.
43 Jaffar N, Ishikawa Y, Mizuno K, Okinaga T, Maeda T. Mature Biofilm Degradation by Potential Probiotics: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans versus Lactobacillus spp. Nychas G-J, ed. PLoS ONE. 2017; 11(7):e0159466.
44 Imran F, Das S, Padmanabhan S, Rao R, Suresh A, Bharath D. Evaluation of the efficacy of a probiotic drink containing Lactobacillus casei on the levels of periodontopathic bacteria in periodontitis: A clinico-microbiologic study. Indian J Dent Res. 2015; 26(5):462-8.
45 Jaffar N, Okinaga T, Nishihara T, Maeda T. Enhanced phagocytosis of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans cells by macrophages activated by a probiotic Lactobacillus strain. Journal of Dairy Science. 2018; 101(7).
46 Oliveira LF, Salvador SL, Silva PH, Furlaneto FA, Figueiredo L, Casarin R, et al. Benefits of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Probiotic in Experimental Periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2017; 88(2):197:208.
47 Kobayashi R, Kobayashi T, Sakai F, Hosoya T, Yamamoto M, Kurita-Ochiai T. Oral administration of Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 is effective in preventing Porphyromonas gingivalis-accelerated periodontal disease. Scientific Reports. 2017; 7:545.
48 Nissen L, Sgorbati B, Biavati B, Belibasakis GN. Lactobacillus salivarius and L. gasseri down-regulate Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans exotoxins expression. Annals of Microbiology. 2014; 64(2):611-617.
2 Holz C, Alexander C, Balcke C, Moré M, Auinger A, Bauer M, et al. Lactobacillus paracasei DSMZ16671 Reduces Mutans Streptococci: A Short-Term Pilot Study. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins. Probióticos Antimicrob Proteins. 2013; 5(4):259-263.
3 Elavarasu S, Suthanthiran T, Thangavelu A, Kanagaraj SS, Mohandas L, Sekar S. Evaluation of efficacy of probiotic (BIFILAC) on Porphyromonas gingivalis: In vitro study. Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences. 2016; 8(Suppl 1):S45-S47.
4 Nozari A, Motamedifar M, Seifi N, Hatamizargaran Z, Ranjbar MA. The Effect of Iranian Customary Used Probiotic Yogurt on the Children’s Salivary Cariogenic Microflora. Journal of Dentistry. 2015; 16(2):81-86.
5 Cogolu D, Topaloglu-Aka A, Caglar E, Sandalli N, Karagozlu C, Ersin N. Potential effects of a multistrain probiotic-kefir on salivary Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp. Journal of Dental Sciences. 2010; 5(3):144-149.
6 Oliveira, LV de. Avaliação da microbiota bucal após a ingestão de leite fermentado contendo probiótico[Monografia]. Araçatuba: Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; 2012.
7 Nishihara T, Suzuki N1, Yoneda M, Hirofuji T. Effects of Lactobacillus salivarius-containing tablets on caries risk factors: a randomized open-label clinical trial. BMC Oral Health. 2014; 14:110.
8 Fernández CE, Giacaman RA, Tenuta LM, Cury JA. Effect of the Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus LB21 on the Cariogenicity of Streptococcus mutans UA159 in a Dual-Species Biofilm Model. Send to Caries Res. 2015; 49(6):583-90.
9 Penala S, Kalakonda B, Pathakota KR, et al. Efficacy of local use of probiotics as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in chronic periodontitis and halitosis: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Research in Pharmacy Practice. 2016; 5(2):86-93.
10 Leão MPV, Cássia RC, dos Santos SSF, e Silva CRG, Cardoso JAO. Influence of consumption of probiotics on presence of enterobacteria in the oral cavity. Braz. oral res. 2011; 25(5): 401-406.
11 Teughels W, Durukan A, Ozcelik O, Pauwels M, Quirynen M, Haytac MC. Clinical and microbiological effects of Lactobacillus reuteri probiotics in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 2013; 40(11):1025-1035.
12 Shah MP, Gujjari SK, Chandrasekhar VS. Evaluation of the Effect of Probiotic (Inersan®) Alone, Combination of Probiotic with Doxycycline and Doxycycline Alone on Aggressive Periodontitis – A Clinical and Microbiological Study. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research : JCDR. 2013; 7(3):595-600.
13 Maekawa T, Hajishengallis G. Topical treatment with probiotic Lactobacillus brevis CD2 inhibits experimental periodontal inflammation and bone loss. Journal of periodontal research. 2014; 49(6):785-791.
14 Mendi A, Köse S, Uçkan D, et al. Lactobacillus rhamnosus could inhibit Porphyromonas gingivalis derived CXCL8 attenuation. Journal of Applied Oral Science. 2016; 24(1):67-75.
15 Schwendicke F, Horb K, Kneist S, Dörfer C, Paris S, et al. Effects of heat-inactivated Bifidobacterium BB12 on cariogenicity of Streptococcus mutans in vitro. Arch Oral Biol. 2014; 59(12):1384-1390.
16 Jalasvuori H, Haukioja A, Tenovuo J. Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri strains ATCC PTA 5289 and ATCC 55730 differ in their cariogenic properties in vitro. Arch Oral Biol. 2012; 57(12):1633-1638.
17 Busarcevic M, Kojic M, Dalgalarrondo M, Chobert JM, Haertlé T, Topisirovic L. Purification of bacteriocin LS1 produced by human oral isolate Lactobacillus salivarius BGHO1. Oral Microbiology Immunol.2008; 23(3):254–258.
18 Ling-Ju C, Hsiu-Ting T, Wei-Jen C, Chu-Yang H, Pi-Chieh W, Chung-Shih C. In vitro antagonistic growth effects of Lactobacillus fermentum and lactobacillus salivarius and their fermentative broth on periodontal pathogens. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 2012; 43(4):1376-1384.
19 Petersson LG, Magnusson K, Hakestam U, Baigi A. Reversal of primary root caries lesions after daily intake of milk supplemented with fluoride and probiotic lactobacilli in older adults. Twetman S Acta Odontol Scand. 2011; 69(6):321-7.
20 Taipale T, Pienihäkkinen K, Alanen P, Jokela J, Söderling. Administration of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 in early childhood: a post-trial effect on caries occurrence at four years of age. Caries Res. 2013; 47(5):364-72.
21 Cagetti MG, Mastroberardino S, Milia E, Cocco F, Lingström P, Campus G. The use of probiotic strains in caries prevention: a systematic review. Nutrients. 2013; 5(7):2530–2550.
22 Rebolledo M, Rojas E, Salgado F. Effect of two probiotics containing lactobacillus casei rhamnosus and lactobacillus johnsonii variety on the in vitro growth of treptococcus mutans. Int. j. odontostomatol. 2013; 7(3):415-419.
23 Lin TH, Pan TM. Inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101 on rat dental caries. Journal of functional foods. 2014; 10:223-231.
24 Teanpaisan, R.; Piwat, S. Lactobacillus paracasei SD1, a novel probiotic, reduces mutans streptococci in human volunteers: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Clin Oral Investig. 2014; 18(3):857-862.
25 Wu CC, Lin CT, Wu CY, Peng WS, Lee MJ, Tsai YC. Inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus salivarius on Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation. Mol Oral Microbiol. 2015; 30(1):16-26.
26 Lin X, Chen X, Chen Y, Jiang W, Chen H. The effect of five probiotic lactobacilli strains on the growth and biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans. Oral Dis. 2015; 21(1):e128-34.
27 Yousuf A, Nagaraj A, Ganta S, Sidiq M, Pareek S, Vishnani P. Comparative Evaluation of Commercially Available Freeze Dried Powdered Probiotics on Mutans Streptococci Count: A Randomized, Double Blind, Clinical Study. J Dent (Tehran). 2015; 12(10):729-38.
28 Mahantesha T, Reddy KMP, Kumar NHP, Nara A, Ashwin D, et al. Comparative Study of Probiotic Ice Cream and Probiotic Drink on Salivary Streptococcus mutans Levels in 6-12 Years Age Group Children. J Int Oral Health. 2015; 7(9):47-50.
29 Ashwin D, Ke V, Taranath M, Ramagoni NK, Nara A, Sarpangala M. Effect of Probiotic Containing Ice-cream on Salivary Mutans Streptococci (SMS) Levels in Children of 6-12 Years of Age: A Randomized Controlled Double Blind Study with Six-months Follow Up. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research : JCDR. 2015; 9(2):ZC06-ZC09.
30 Lodi CS, Oliveira LV, Brighenti FL, Delbem AC, Martinhon CC. Effects of probiotic fermented milk on biofilms, oral microbiota, and enamel. Braz. oral res. 2015; 29(1):1-1.
31 Velloso MS. Efeitos de Lactobacillus spp. isolados da cavidade bucal de indivíduos livres de cárie sobre Streptococcus mutans: estudo do potencial probióticos [dissertação]. São Paulo: Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista; 2016.
32 Witzler JJP. Desenvolvimento de pastilha potencialmente probiótica [Dissertação]. Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, 2016.
33 Jiang Q, Stamatova I, Kainulainen V, Korpela R, Meurman JH. Interactions between Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and oral microorganisms in an in vitro biofilm model. BMC Microbiology. 2016; 16:149.
34 Kim YJ, Lee SH. Inhibitory Effect of Lactococcus lactis HY 449 on Cariogenic Biofilm. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2016; 26(11):1829-1835.
35 Amižić I P, Cigić L, Gavić L, Radić M, Lukenda DB, Tonkić M, et al. Antimicrobial efficacy of probiotic-containing toothpastes: an in vitro evaluation. Med Glas (Zenica). 2017; 14(1):139-144.
36 Oka S. Potential synergistic effects of a mixture of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) cement and Bacillus subtilis in dental caries treatment. Odontology. 2017; 106(6).
37 Savabi O, Kazemi M, Kamali S, Salehi AR, Eslami G, Tahmourespour A. Effects of biosurfactant produced by Lactobacillus casei on gtfB, gtfC, and ftf gene expression level in S. mutans by real-time RT-PCR. Adv Biomed Res. 2014; 29(3):231.
38 Salehi R, Savabi O, Kazemi M, Kamali S, Salehi AR, Eslami G, et al. Effects of Lactobacillus reuteri-derived biosurfactant on the gene expression profile of essential adhesion genes (gtfB, gtfC and ftf) of Streptococcus mutans. Adv Biomed Res. 2014; 19(3):169.
39 Makino LES, Peralta FS, Scherma AP, e Silva CRG, Leão MVP, dos Santos SSF. Avaliação in vitro da influência de lactobacillus casei na aderência de enterobacter cloacae em células epiteliais da mucosa jugal. Braz J Periodontol. 2014; 24(4):15-21.
40 Imran F, Padmanabhan S, Rao R, Suresh A, Bharath D. Evaluation of the efficacy of a probiotic drink containing Lactobacillus casei on the levels of periodontopathic bacteria in periodontitis: A clinico-microbiologic study. Indian J Dent Res. 2015; 26(5):462-8.
41 Melo TA, dos Santos TF, de Almeida ME, Junior LAGF, Andrade EF, Rezende RP, et al. Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm by Lactobacillus isolated from fine cocoa. BMC Microbiology. 2016; 16:250.
42 Jäsberg H, Söderling E, Endo A, Beighton D, Haukioja A. Bifidobacteria inhibit the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis but not of Streptococcus mutans in an in vitro biofilm model. Eur J Oral Sci.2016; 124(3):251-8.
43 Jaffar N, Ishikawa Y, Mizuno K, Okinaga T, Maeda T. Mature Biofilm Degradation by Potential Probiotics: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans versus Lactobacillus spp. Nychas G-J, ed. PLoS ONE. 2017; 11(7):e0159466.
44 Imran F, Das S, Padmanabhan S, Rao R, Suresh A, Bharath D. Evaluation of the efficacy of a probiotic drink containing Lactobacillus casei on the levels of periodontopathic bacteria in periodontitis: A clinico-microbiologic study. Indian J Dent Res. 2015; 26(5):462-8.
45 Jaffar N, Okinaga T, Nishihara T, Maeda T. Enhanced phagocytosis of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans cells by macrophages activated by a probiotic Lactobacillus strain. Journal of Dairy Science. 2018; 101(7).
46 Oliveira LF, Salvador SL, Silva PH, Furlaneto FA, Figueiredo L, Casarin R, et al. Benefits of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Probiotic in Experimental Periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2017; 88(2):197:208.
47 Kobayashi R, Kobayashi T, Sakai F, Hosoya T, Yamamoto M, Kurita-Ochiai T. Oral administration of Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 is effective in preventing Porphyromonas gingivalis-accelerated periodontal disease. Scientific Reports. 2017; 7:545.
48 Nissen L, Sgorbati B, Biavati B, Belibasakis GN. Lactobacillus salivarius and L. gasseri down-regulate Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans exotoxins expression. Annals of Microbiology. 2014; 64(2):611-617.
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Impact of the use of probiotics on oral biofilme. (2020). Revista Da Faculdade De Odontologia - UPF, 25(1), 138-149. https://doi.org/10.5335/rfo.v25i1.10065
