THE ORTHOGNATIC SURGERY IN TREATMENT OF TMD IN CLASS II PATIENTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5335/rfo.v26i2.12644Keywords:
retrognathism, orthognathic surgery and TMJ disorders.Abstract
Introduction: Class II malocclusion can negatively influence patients in quality of life, in the facial and oral appearance or both. Currently, orthodontic-surgical treatment is commonly used in patients with severe skeletal discrepancies. Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the results of orthognathic surgery associated with orthodontic treatment in patients who have TMD and Class II malocclusion due to mandibular retrognathism. Methodology: A bibliographic search was performed in the scientific search platforms Google Scholar, CAPES/MEC, PubMed/Medline, Scielo, Elsevier, AJO-DO (American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics) and in The Angle Orthodontist (An International Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics), using the keywords: retrognathism, orthognathic surgery and TMJ disorders. Conclusion: With orthognathic treatment, most patients who had preoperative DTM signs and symptoms showed an improvement and a decrease in pain levels. In addition, orthodontic treatment is important for the success of the surgical procedure, as well as for post-surgical stability.
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References
1- Ribas MO, Reis LFG, França BHS, Lima AAS. Cirurgia ortognática: orientações legais aos ortodontistas e cirurgiões bucofaciais. Rev Dent Press Ortodon Ortopedi Facial. 2005; 10(6):75-83. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-54192005000600009.
2- Westermark A, Shayeghi F, Thor A. Temporomandibular dysfunction in 1,516 patients before and after orthognathic surgery. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg. 2001; 16(2):145-51.
3- Conti ACCF, Freitas MR, Conti PCR. Avaliação da posição condilar e disfunção temporomandibular em pacientes com má oclusão de Classe II submetidos à protrusão mandibular ortopédica. Rev. Dent. Press Ortodon. Ortop. Facial. 2008; 13(2), 49-60. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-54192008000200007.
4- Selaimen CMP, Jeronymo JCM, Brilhante DP, Lima EM, Grossi PK, Grossi ML:
Occlusal risk factors for temporomandibular disorders. Angle Orthod 2007; 77(3):471–477. https://doi.org/10.2319/0003-. 3219
5- JENZER AC, SCHLAM M. (2019) Retrognathia. Ilha do Tesouro (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
6- Bell WH. Surgical correction of mandibular retrognathism. Am J Orthod 1966; 52(7):518-22.
7 - Radalj ZM, Bubica AK, Borić DN, Šalj S, Mestrović S. Linear Predictors of Facial Rotation Pattern in Croatian Subjects with Skeletal Class III Malocclusion. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2018; 52(3):227-237. https://doi.org/10.15644/asc52/3/6.
8- Tamburus VS, Neto JSP, Siqueira VCV, Tamburus WL. Efeitos do tratamento da Classe II divisão 1 em pacientes dolicofaciais tratados segundo a Terapia Bioprogressiva (AEB cervical e arco base inferior), com ênfase no controle vertical. Dental Press J. Orthod. 2011; 16(3): 70 79. https://doi.org/10.1590/S2176-94512011000300009.
9- Almeida-Pedrin RR, Pinzan A, De Almeida RR., De Almeida MR, Henriques JFC. Efeitos do AEB conjugado e do Bionator no tratamento da Classe II, 1ª divisão. Revista Dental Press de Ortodontia e Ortopedia Facial. 2005; 10(5), 37 54. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1415-54192005000500006.
10- Mezzomo CL, Machado PG, Pacheco ADB, Gonçalves BFDT, Hoffmann CF. As implicações da classe II de angle e da desproporção esquelética tipo classe II no aspecto miofuncional. Revista CEFAC. 2010; 13(4), 728–734. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1516-18462010005000079.
11- Moyers RE, Riolo, ML, Guire KE, Wainright RL, Bookstein FL. Differential diagnosis of Class II malocclusions. American Journal of Orthodontics, 1980; 78(5), 477–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(80)90299-7.
12- Baherimoghaddam T, Oshagh M, Naseri N, Nasrbadi NI, Torkan S. Changes in cephalometric variables after orthognathic surgery and their relationship to patients' quality of life and satisfaction. J Oral Maxillofac Res. 2014; 5(4): e6. https://doi.org/10.5037/jomr.2014.5406.
13- Silvola AS. Dental esthetics and quality of life in adults with severe malocclusion before and after treatmen. Angle Orthodontist, 2014; 84(4):594-599. https://doi.org/10.2319/060213-4171.
14- Tsang ST, McFadden LR, Wiltshire WA, Pershad N, Baker AB. Alterações do perfil em pacientes ortodônticos tratados com cirurgia de avanço mandibular. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2009; 135 (1), 66 72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.01.033.
15- Panula K, Somppi M, Finne K, Oikarinen K. Effects of orthognathic surgery on temporomandibular joint dysfunction. A controlled prospective 4-year follow-up study. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2000; 29:183–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0901-5027(00)80089-2.
16- McLaughlin RP. Malocclusion and the Temporomandibular Joint: - An Historical Perspective. Angle Orthod. 1988; 58 (2): 185–190. https://doi.org/10.1043/0003-3219.
17- Ricketts RM. Laminagraphy in the diagnosis of temporomandibular joint disorders. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1953; 46(6), 620-648. https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1953.0100.
18- Wolford LM, Reiche-Fischel O, Mehra, P. Changes in temporomandibular joint dysfunction after orthognathic surgery. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2003; 61(6), 655-660. https://doi.org/10.1053/joms.2003.50131.
19- Kobayashi T, Izumi N, Kojima T, Sakagami N, Saito I, Saito C. Progressive condylar resorption after mandibular advancement. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2012; 50(2), 176-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2011.02.006
20- Ueki K., Yoshizawa K, Moroi A, Iguchi R, Kosaka A, Ikawa H, Tsutsui, T. Changes in computed tomography values of mandibular condyle and temporomandibular joint disc position after sagittal split ramus osteotomy. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery. 2015; 43(7), 1208–1217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2015.05.007.
21- Kim YJ, Oh KM, Hong JS, Lee JH, Kim HM, Reyes M, Park YH. Do patients treated with bimaxillary surgery have more stable condylar positions than those who have undergone single-jaw surgery?. Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery. 2012; 70(9), 2143-2152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2011.08.028.
22- Ueki K, Marukawa K, Shimada M, Nakagawa K, Alam S, Yamamoto E. Maxillary Stability Following Le Fort I Osteotomy in Combination With Sagittal Split Ramus Osteotomy and Intraoral Vertical Ramus Osteotomy: A Comparative Study Between Titanium Miniplate and Poly-l-Lactic Acid Plate. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2006; 64(1), 74–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2005.09.015.
23- Dujoncquoy JP, Ferri J, Raoul G, Kleinheinz, J. Temporomandibular joint dysfunction and orthognathic surgery: a retrospective study. Head & Face Medicine. 2010; 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-160x-6-27.
24- Siqueira DF, De Castro AMA, Dos Santos Júnior JA, Maltagliati LÁ, Angelieri F. A estabilidade do avanço mandibular cirúrgico por meio da osteotomia bilateral sagital: uma revisão. Revista Dental Press de Ortodontia e Ortopedia Facial. 2007; 12(5), 126–132. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1415-54192007000500016.
25- Kallela I, Laine P, Suuronen R, Iizuka T, Pirinen S, Lindqvist C. Skeletal stability following mandibular advancement and rigid fixation with polylactide biodegradable screws. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 1998; 27(1), 3-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0901-5027(98)80086-6.
26- Abrahamsson C, Henrikson T, Nilner M, Sunzel B, Bondemark L, Ekberg E. TMD before and after correction of dentofacial deformities by orthodontic and orthognathic treatment. International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery. 2013; 42(6), 752-758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2012.10.016.
27- Sebastiani AM, Baratto-Filho F, Bonotto D, Kluppel LE, Rebellato NLB, da Costa DJ, Scariot R. Influence of orthognathic surgery for symptoms of temporomandibular dysfunction. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology. 2016; 121(2), 119–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2015.08.012.
28- Ribeiro JPC, de Aguiar HA, Bustamante SEC, da Costa Grec RH, de Freitas KMS, Cançado RH, Valarelli FP. Má oclusão de Classe II com biprotrusão tratada com compensação dentária – relato de caso clínico. Revista Uningá. 2018; 55(2), 214-226.
29- Manganello LCS, Saiki CT. Retrognatismo. Cirurgia ortognática e ortodontia. 2a ed. São Paulo: Santos; 2010. p. 409-38.
30- Chhibber A, Upadhyay M, Uribe F, Nanda R. Long-term surgical versus functional Class II correction: A comparison of identical twins. The Angle Orthodontist. 2015; 85(1), 142–156. https://doi.org/10.2319/011314-46.1
31- Capistrano A, Xerez JE, Tavares S, Borba D, Pedrin RRA. APM/FLF no tratamento da Classe II em adulto: 8 anos de acompanhamento. Rev Clín Ortod Dental Press. 2018;17(2):58-71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14436/1676-6849.17.2.058-071.art.
32- Nale JC. Orthognathic Surgery and the Temporomandibular Joint Patient. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America. 2014; 26(4), 551-564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coms.2014.08.012.
33- Wolford LM, Karras S, Mehra P. Concomitant temporomandibular joint and orthognathic surgery: A preliminary report. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2002; 60(4), 356–362. https://doi.org/10.1053/joms.2002.31220.
34- Luther F, Layton S, McDonald F. Orthodontics for treating temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2010; (7). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd006541.
35- List T, Dworkin SF. Comparing TMD diagnoses and clinical findings at Swedish and US TMD centers using research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders. Journal of orofacial pain. 1996; 10(3).
36- Pahkala RH, Kellokoski JK. Surgical-orthodontic treatment and patients’ functional and psychosocial well-being. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2007; 132(2), 158-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.09.033.
37- Paunonen J, Helminen M, Sipilä, K, Peltomäki T. Temporomandibular disorders in Class II malocclusion patients after surgical mandibular advancement treatment as compared to nonâ€treated patients. Journal of oral rehabilitation. 2019; 46(7), 605-610. https://doi.org/10.1111/joor.12790.
38- Manière-Ezvan A, Savoldelli C, Busson F, Oueiss A, Orthlieb JD. La chirurgie des cas de classe II et ses répercussions sur les articulations temporomandibulaires. L'Orthodontie Française. 2016; 87(1), 77-81. https://doi.org/10.1051/orthodfr/2016013.
39-Tabrizi R, Shahidi S, Bahramnejad E, Arabion H. valuation of Condylar Position after Orthognathic Surgery for Treatment of Class IIVertical Maxillary Excess and Mandibular Deficiency by Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography. Journal of Dentistry. 2016; 17(4), 318–325.
40- Ueki K, Degerliyurt K, Hashiba Y, Marukawa K, Nakagawa K, Yamamoto E. Horizontal changes in the condylar head after sagittal split ramus osteotomy with bent plate fixation. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology. 2008; 106(5), 656-661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.03.016.
41- Draenert FG, Erbe C, Zenglein V, Kämmerer PW, Wriedt S, Al Nawas B. 3D Analysis of Condylar Position after Sagittal Split Osteotomy of the Mandible in Mono- and Bimaxillary Orthognathic Surgery – a Methodology Study in 18 Patients. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics / Fortschritte Der Kieferorthopädie. 2010; 71(6), 421-429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00056-010-1021-9.
42- Agbaje J, Luyten J, Politis C. Pain Complaints in Patients Undergoing Orthognathic Surgery. Pain Research and Management. 2018; 2018, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4235025.
43- Dolwick MF, Widmer CG. Orthognathic Surgery as a Treatment for Temporomandibular Disorders. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America. 2018; 30(3), 303–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coms.2018.04.007.
44- Goncalves JR, Wolford LM, Cassano DS, da Porciuncula G, Paniagua B, Cevidanes LH. Temporomandibular Joint Condylar Changes Following Maxillomandibular Advancement and Articular Disc Repositioning. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2013; 71(10), 1759.e1–1759.e15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2013.06.209.
2- Westermark A, Shayeghi F, Thor A. Temporomandibular dysfunction in 1,516 patients before and after orthognathic surgery. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg. 2001; 16(2):145-51.
3- Conti ACCF, Freitas MR, Conti PCR. Avaliação da posição condilar e disfunção temporomandibular em pacientes com má oclusão de Classe II submetidos à protrusão mandibular ortopédica. Rev. Dent. Press Ortodon. Ortop. Facial. 2008; 13(2), 49-60. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-54192008000200007.
4- Selaimen CMP, Jeronymo JCM, Brilhante DP, Lima EM, Grossi PK, Grossi ML:
Occlusal risk factors for temporomandibular disorders. Angle Orthod 2007; 77(3):471–477. https://doi.org/10.2319/0003-. 3219
5- JENZER AC, SCHLAM M. (2019) Retrognathia. Ilha do Tesouro (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
6- Bell WH. Surgical correction of mandibular retrognathism. Am J Orthod 1966; 52(7):518-22.
7 - Radalj ZM, Bubica AK, Borić DN, Šalj S, Mestrović S. Linear Predictors of Facial Rotation Pattern in Croatian Subjects with Skeletal Class III Malocclusion. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2018; 52(3):227-237. https://doi.org/10.15644/asc52/3/6.
8- Tamburus VS, Neto JSP, Siqueira VCV, Tamburus WL. Efeitos do tratamento da Classe II divisão 1 em pacientes dolicofaciais tratados segundo a Terapia Bioprogressiva (AEB cervical e arco base inferior), com ênfase no controle vertical. Dental Press J. Orthod. 2011; 16(3): 70 79. https://doi.org/10.1590/S2176-94512011000300009.
9- Almeida-Pedrin RR, Pinzan A, De Almeida RR., De Almeida MR, Henriques JFC. Efeitos do AEB conjugado e do Bionator no tratamento da Classe II, 1ª divisão. Revista Dental Press de Ortodontia e Ortopedia Facial. 2005; 10(5), 37 54. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1415-54192005000500006.
10- Mezzomo CL, Machado PG, Pacheco ADB, Gonçalves BFDT, Hoffmann CF. As implicações da classe II de angle e da desproporção esquelética tipo classe II no aspecto miofuncional. Revista CEFAC. 2010; 13(4), 728–734. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1516-18462010005000079.
11- Moyers RE, Riolo, ML, Guire KE, Wainright RL, Bookstein FL. Differential diagnosis of Class II malocclusions. American Journal of Orthodontics, 1980; 78(5), 477–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(80)90299-7.
12- Baherimoghaddam T, Oshagh M, Naseri N, Nasrbadi NI, Torkan S. Changes in cephalometric variables after orthognathic surgery and their relationship to patients' quality of life and satisfaction. J Oral Maxillofac Res. 2014; 5(4): e6. https://doi.org/10.5037/jomr.2014.5406.
13- Silvola AS. Dental esthetics and quality of life in adults with severe malocclusion before and after treatmen. Angle Orthodontist, 2014; 84(4):594-599. https://doi.org/10.2319/060213-4171.
14- Tsang ST, McFadden LR, Wiltshire WA, Pershad N, Baker AB. Alterações do perfil em pacientes ortodônticos tratados com cirurgia de avanço mandibular. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2009; 135 (1), 66 72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.01.033.
15- Panula K, Somppi M, Finne K, Oikarinen K. Effects of orthognathic surgery on temporomandibular joint dysfunction. A controlled prospective 4-year follow-up study. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2000; 29:183–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0901-5027(00)80089-2.
16- McLaughlin RP. Malocclusion and the Temporomandibular Joint: - An Historical Perspective. Angle Orthod. 1988; 58 (2): 185–190. https://doi.org/10.1043/0003-3219.
17- Ricketts RM. Laminagraphy in the diagnosis of temporomandibular joint disorders. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1953; 46(6), 620-648. https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1953.0100.
18- Wolford LM, Reiche-Fischel O, Mehra, P. Changes in temporomandibular joint dysfunction after orthognathic surgery. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2003; 61(6), 655-660. https://doi.org/10.1053/joms.2003.50131.
19- Kobayashi T, Izumi N, Kojima T, Sakagami N, Saito I, Saito C. Progressive condylar resorption after mandibular advancement. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2012; 50(2), 176-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2011.02.006
20- Ueki K., Yoshizawa K, Moroi A, Iguchi R, Kosaka A, Ikawa H, Tsutsui, T. Changes in computed tomography values of mandibular condyle and temporomandibular joint disc position after sagittal split ramus osteotomy. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery. 2015; 43(7), 1208–1217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2015.05.007.
21- Kim YJ, Oh KM, Hong JS, Lee JH, Kim HM, Reyes M, Park YH. Do patients treated with bimaxillary surgery have more stable condylar positions than those who have undergone single-jaw surgery?. Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery. 2012; 70(9), 2143-2152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2011.08.028.
22- Ueki K, Marukawa K, Shimada M, Nakagawa K, Alam S, Yamamoto E. Maxillary Stability Following Le Fort I Osteotomy in Combination With Sagittal Split Ramus Osteotomy and Intraoral Vertical Ramus Osteotomy: A Comparative Study Between Titanium Miniplate and Poly-l-Lactic Acid Plate. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2006; 64(1), 74–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2005.09.015.
23- Dujoncquoy JP, Ferri J, Raoul G, Kleinheinz, J. Temporomandibular joint dysfunction and orthognathic surgery: a retrospective study. Head & Face Medicine. 2010; 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-160x-6-27.
24- Siqueira DF, De Castro AMA, Dos Santos Júnior JA, Maltagliati LÁ, Angelieri F. A estabilidade do avanço mandibular cirúrgico por meio da osteotomia bilateral sagital: uma revisão. Revista Dental Press de Ortodontia e Ortopedia Facial. 2007; 12(5), 126–132. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1415-54192007000500016.
25- Kallela I, Laine P, Suuronen R, Iizuka T, Pirinen S, Lindqvist C. Skeletal stability following mandibular advancement and rigid fixation with polylactide biodegradable screws. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 1998; 27(1), 3-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0901-5027(98)80086-6.
26- Abrahamsson C, Henrikson T, Nilner M, Sunzel B, Bondemark L, Ekberg E. TMD before and after correction of dentofacial deformities by orthodontic and orthognathic treatment. International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery. 2013; 42(6), 752-758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2012.10.016.
27- Sebastiani AM, Baratto-Filho F, Bonotto D, Kluppel LE, Rebellato NLB, da Costa DJ, Scariot R. Influence of orthognathic surgery for symptoms of temporomandibular dysfunction. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology. 2016; 121(2), 119–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2015.08.012.
28- Ribeiro JPC, de Aguiar HA, Bustamante SEC, da Costa Grec RH, de Freitas KMS, Cançado RH, Valarelli FP. Má oclusão de Classe II com biprotrusão tratada com compensação dentária – relato de caso clínico. Revista Uningá. 2018; 55(2), 214-226.
29- Manganello LCS, Saiki CT. Retrognatismo. Cirurgia ortognática e ortodontia. 2a ed. São Paulo: Santos; 2010. p. 409-38.
30- Chhibber A, Upadhyay M, Uribe F, Nanda R. Long-term surgical versus functional Class II correction: A comparison of identical twins. The Angle Orthodontist. 2015; 85(1), 142–156. https://doi.org/10.2319/011314-46.1
31- Capistrano A, Xerez JE, Tavares S, Borba D, Pedrin RRA. APM/FLF no tratamento da Classe II em adulto: 8 anos de acompanhamento. Rev Clín Ortod Dental Press. 2018;17(2):58-71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14436/1676-6849.17.2.058-071.art.
32- Nale JC. Orthognathic Surgery and the Temporomandibular Joint Patient. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America. 2014; 26(4), 551-564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coms.2014.08.012.
33- Wolford LM, Karras S, Mehra P. Concomitant temporomandibular joint and orthognathic surgery: A preliminary report. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2002; 60(4), 356–362. https://doi.org/10.1053/joms.2002.31220.
34- Luther F, Layton S, McDonald F. Orthodontics for treating temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2010; (7). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd006541.
35- List T, Dworkin SF. Comparing TMD diagnoses and clinical findings at Swedish and US TMD centers using research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders. Journal of orofacial pain. 1996; 10(3).
36- Pahkala RH, Kellokoski JK. Surgical-orthodontic treatment and patients’ functional and psychosocial well-being. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2007; 132(2), 158-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.09.033.
37- Paunonen J, Helminen M, Sipilä, K, Peltomäki T. Temporomandibular disorders in Class II malocclusion patients after surgical mandibular advancement treatment as compared to nonâ€treated patients. Journal of oral rehabilitation. 2019; 46(7), 605-610. https://doi.org/10.1111/joor.12790.
38- Manière-Ezvan A, Savoldelli C, Busson F, Oueiss A, Orthlieb JD. La chirurgie des cas de classe II et ses répercussions sur les articulations temporomandibulaires. L'Orthodontie Française. 2016; 87(1), 77-81. https://doi.org/10.1051/orthodfr/2016013.
39-Tabrizi R, Shahidi S, Bahramnejad E, Arabion H. valuation of Condylar Position after Orthognathic Surgery for Treatment of Class IIVertical Maxillary Excess and Mandibular Deficiency by Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography. Journal of Dentistry. 2016; 17(4), 318–325.
40- Ueki K, Degerliyurt K, Hashiba Y, Marukawa K, Nakagawa K, Yamamoto E. Horizontal changes in the condylar head after sagittal split ramus osteotomy with bent plate fixation. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology. 2008; 106(5), 656-661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.03.016.
41- Draenert FG, Erbe C, Zenglein V, Kämmerer PW, Wriedt S, Al Nawas B. 3D Analysis of Condylar Position after Sagittal Split Osteotomy of the Mandible in Mono- and Bimaxillary Orthognathic Surgery – a Methodology Study in 18 Patients. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics / Fortschritte Der Kieferorthopädie. 2010; 71(6), 421-429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00056-010-1021-9.
42- Agbaje J, Luyten J, Politis C. Pain Complaints in Patients Undergoing Orthognathic Surgery. Pain Research and Management. 2018; 2018, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4235025.
43- Dolwick MF, Widmer CG. Orthognathic Surgery as a Treatment for Temporomandibular Disorders. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America. 2018; 30(3), 303–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coms.2018.04.007.
44- Goncalves JR, Wolford LM, Cassano DS, da Porciuncula G, Paniagua B, Cevidanes LH. Temporomandibular Joint Condylar Changes Following Maxillomandibular Advancement and Articular Disc Repositioning. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2013; 71(10), 1759.e1–1759.e15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2013.06.209.
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THE ORTHOGNATIC SURGERY IN TREATMENT OF TMD IN CLASS II PATIENTS. (2023). Revista Da Faculdade De Odontologia - UPF, 26(2). https://doi.org/10.5335/rfo.v26i2.12644
