Rockefeller Foundation’s Global Health and China’s Modern Health Development
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.5335/hdtv.21n.3.12855Mots-clés :
China, Health stations, Health System, Public health, PUMC, Rockefeller FoundationRésumé
The Rockefeller Foundation (RF) was the first private organization to have systematically envisioned and practiced public health as a world system. The RF exerted extensive influence in disseminating medical science, public health practice and policies in the world. It set up similar public health institutions in many countries by working with national and colonial governments, empires of Europe and the United States, and the League of Nations Health Organization. This article focuses on the RF’s role in the development of modern health in China. It situates the discussion in the larger context of RF’s involvement in Asia. The RF made significant achievements in China primarily through the mechanisms of the International Health Board, the China Medical Board, and the extraordinary capabilities of John B. Grant. Drawing on archival data and recent research, this article examines the interactive work between RF officials, Chinese health professionals, and the Chinese government in standardizing medical science education and the training of health professionals by means of establishing Peking Union Medical College and the health demonstration stations. It shows how these programs and institutions ultimately helped shape up the creation of a national health system in China. This study sheds light on the long-term legacy of the RF in China and the implications of state medicine and medical efficiency for current global public health.
Téléchargements
Les données relatives au téléchargement ne sont pas encore disponibles.
Références
ADDRESSES AND PAPERS. Dedication ceremonies and medical conference, Peking Union Medical College. September 15-22, 1921, Peking, China. Concord, New Hampshire: Rumford Press, 1922.
ALITTO, G. S. The last confucian: Liang Shu-ming and the Chinese dilemma of Modernity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.
BANGDIWALA, S. I. et al. Public health education in India and China: history, opportunities, and challenges, Public Health Reviews, v. 33, n. 1, p. 204-224, 2011.
BOROWY, I. Thinking Big: League of Nations efforts towards a reformed national health system in China. In: BOROWY, I. (Ed.). Uneasy encounters: the politics of medicine and health in China 1900-1937. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2009a. p. 205-228.
BOROWY, I. Coming to terms with world health. Peter Lang GmbH, 2009b.
BOWERS, J. Z. Western medicine in a chinese palace: Peking Union Medical College, 1917-1951. Philadelphia: Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation, 1972.
BROWN, E. R. Rockefeller medicine men: medicine and capitalism in America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.
BU, L. Cultural communication in picturing health: W. W. Peter and the public health campaigns in China, 1912-1926. In: SERLIN, D. (Ed.). Imagining illness: public health and visual culture. University of Minnesota Press, 2010. p. 24-39.
BU, L.; STAPLETON, D. H.; YIP, K. (Eds.). Science, public health and the State in Modern Asia. London: Routledge, 2012a.
BU, L. Beijing First Health Station: innovative public health education and influence on China’s health profession. In: BU, L.; STAPLETON, D. H.; YIP, K. (Eds.). Science, public health and the State in Modern Asia. London: Routledge, 2012a. p. 129-143.
BU, L. From Public Health to State Medicine: John B. Grant and China’s health profession. Harvard Asia Quarterly, v. 14, n. 4, p. 8-15, December 2012b.
BU, L. John B. Grant: public health and State medicine. In: ANDREWS, B.; BULLOCK, M. (Eds.). Medical transitions in Twentieth-Century China. Indiana University Press, 2014. p. 212-226.
BU, L. Public Health and Modernization: the first campaigns in China, 1915-1916, Social History of Medicine, v. 22, n. 2, p. 305–319, August 2009a.
BU, L. Social Darwinism, Public Health and Modernization in China, 1895-1925. In: BOROWY, I. (Ed.). Uneasy encounters: the politics of medicine and health in China 1900-1937. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2009b. p. 93-124.
BU, L. Public health and the modernization of China, 1865-2015. London: Routledge, 2017.
BULLOCK, M. B. An american transplant: the Rockefeller Foundation and Peking Union Medical College. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980.
BULLOCK, M. B. The Oil Prince’s legacy: Rockefeller Philanthropy in China. Stanford University Press, 2011.
CHEN, C. Medicine in rural China: a personal account. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.
CHEN, C. The development of systematic training in rural public health work in China. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly Bulletin, v. 14, p. 370-387, 1936.
CHINA MEDICAL COMMISSION of the Rockefeller Foundation. Medicine in China. New York: the Rockefeller Foundation, 1914.
EYLER, J. M. Sir Arthur Newsholme and State medicine 1885–1935. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
FANG, X. Barefoot doctors and Western Medicine in China. New York: University of Rochester Press, 2012.
FARLEY, J. To cast out disease: a history of the International Health Division of the Rockefeller Foundation, 1913-1951. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
FERGUSON, M. E. China Medical Board and Peking Union Medical College: a chronicle of fruitful collaboration, 1915-1951. New York: China Medical Board of New York, 1970.
FOSDICK, R. The story of the Rockefeller Foundation. New York: Harper, 1952.
GAMBLE, S. D. Ting Hsien: a North China rural community. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1968.
GAO, X. Between the State and the private sphere: Chinese state medicine movement, 1930-1949. In: BU, L.; STAPLETON, D. H.; YIP, K. (Eds.). Science, public health and the State in Modern Asia. London: Routledge, 2012. p. 144-160.
GRANT, J. B. State medicine: a logical policy for China. National Medical Journal of China, v. 14, p. 65-80, February 1928.
GRANT, J. B.; PENG, T. M. Survey of urban public health practice in China. The Chinese Medical Journal, v. 48, p. 1075-1078, October 1934.
HAYFORD, Charles W. To the people: James Yen and Village China. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990.
HEWA, S. The Alma-Ata Declaration, Rockefeller Foundation and the development of primary health care in Sri Lanka: a model for health promotion. In: BU, L.; STAPLETON, D. H.; YIP, K. (Eds.). Science, public health and the State in Modern Asia. London: Routledge, 2012, p. 71-92.
HEWA, S. Colonialism, tropical disease and imperial medicine: Rockefeller Philanthropy in Sri Lanka. Lanham: University Press of America, 1995.
JOHNSON, T. P. Childbirth in Republican China: Delivering Modernity. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2011.
LI, L.; ZENG, Y. Selections from PUMC Medical Education Research. China: Peking Union Medical University Press, 2014.
LI, T. A. Summary report on rural public health practice in China. The Chinese Medical Journal, v. 48, p. 1086-1090, October 1934.
LITSIOS, S. Selskar Gunn and China: The Rockefeller Foundation's ‘other’ approach to public health. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, v. 79, n. 2, p. 295-318, Summer 2005.
LUCAS, A. Changing edmical models in China: organizational options or obstacles? The China Quarterly, v. 83, p. 461-489, Sept. 1980.
MA, Q. To change China: The Rockefeller Foundation’s Century-Long journey in China. China: Guangxi Normal University Press, 2013.
NEWSHOLME, A. On the study of hygiene in elementary schools. Public Health, v. 3, p. 134-136, 1980.
PETER, W. W. The field and methods of public health work in the field of missionary enterprise. The China Medical Journal, v. 40, p. 226-230, March 1926.
POLS, H. Nurturing Indonesia: medicine and decolonisation in the Dutch East Indies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
STEIN, E. A. Hygiene and decolonization: The Rockefeller Foundation and Indonesian Nationalism, 1933-1958. In: BU, L.; STAPLETON, D. H.; YIP, K. (Eds.). Science, public health and the State in Modern Asia. London: Routledge, 2012, p. 51-70.
THE CHINA MEDICAL JOURNAL, v. 38, n. 5, May 1924.
THE NATIONAL MEDICAL JOURNAL, v. 5, n. 4, 1919.
THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION Annual Report, 1923.
YIP, K. Health and national reconstruction in Nationalist China: the development of modern health services, 1928-1937. Ann Arbor: Association for Asian Studies, Inc., 1995.
ZHANG, D. A social history of diseases in Modern China, 1912-1937. China: Shandong jiaoyu chubanshe, 2006.
ALITTO, G. S. The last confucian: Liang Shu-ming and the Chinese dilemma of Modernity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.
BANGDIWALA, S. I. et al. Public health education in India and China: history, opportunities, and challenges, Public Health Reviews, v. 33, n. 1, p. 204-224, 2011.
BOROWY, I. Thinking Big: League of Nations efforts towards a reformed national health system in China. In: BOROWY, I. (Ed.). Uneasy encounters: the politics of medicine and health in China 1900-1937. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2009a. p. 205-228.
BOROWY, I. Coming to terms with world health. Peter Lang GmbH, 2009b.
BOWERS, J. Z. Western medicine in a chinese palace: Peking Union Medical College, 1917-1951. Philadelphia: Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation, 1972.
BROWN, E. R. Rockefeller medicine men: medicine and capitalism in America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.
BU, L. Cultural communication in picturing health: W. W. Peter and the public health campaigns in China, 1912-1926. In: SERLIN, D. (Ed.). Imagining illness: public health and visual culture. University of Minnesota Press, 2010. p. 24-39.
BU, L.; STAPLETON, D. H.; YIP, K. (Eds.). Science, public health and the State in Modern Asia. London: Routledge, 2012a.
BU, L. Beijing First Health Station: innovative public health education and influence on China’s health profession. In: BU, L.; STAPLETON, D. H.; YIP, K. (Eds.). Science, public health and the State in Modern Asia. London: Routledge, 2012a. p. 129-143.
BU, L. From Public Health to State Medicine: John B. Grant and China’s health profession. Harvard Asia Quarterly, v. 14, n. 4, p. 8-15, December 2012b.
BU, L. John B. Grant: public health and State medicine. In: ANDREWS, B.; BULLOCK, M. (Eds.). Medical transitions in Twentieth-Century China. Indiana University Press, 2014. p. 212-226.
BU, L. Public Health and Modernization: the first campaigns in China, 1915-1916, Social History of Medicine, v. 22, n. 2, p. 305–319, August 2009a.
BU, L. Social Darwinism, Public Health and Modernization in China, 1895-1925. In: BOROWY, I. (Ed.). Uneasy encounters: the politics of medicine and health in China 1900-1937. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2009b. p. 93-124.
BU, L. Public health and the modernization of China, 1865-2015. London: Routledge, 2017.
BULLOCK, M. B. An american transplant: the Rockefeller Foundation and Peking Union Medical College. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980.
BULLOCK, M. B. The Oil Prince’s legacy: Rockefeller Philanthropy in China. Stanford University Press, 2011.
CHEN, C. Medicine in rural China: a personal account. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.
CHEN, C. The development of systematic training in rural public health work in China. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly Bulletin, v. 14, p. 370-387, 1936.
CHINA MEDICAL COMMISSION of the Rockefeller Foundation. Medicine in China. New York: the Rockefeller Foundation, 1914.
EYLER, J. M. Sir Arthur Newsholme and State medicine 1885–1935. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
FANG, X. Barefoot doctors and Western Medicine in China. New York: University of Rochester Press, 2012.
FARLEY, J. To cast out disease: a history of the International Health Division of the Rockefeller Foundation, 1913-1951. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
FERGUSON, M. E. China Medical Board and Peking Union Medical College: a chronicle of fruitful collaboration, 1915-1951. New York: China Medical Board of New York, 1970.
FOSDICK, R. The story of the Rockefeller Foundation. New York: Harper, 1952.
GAMBLE, S. D. Ting Hsien: a North China rural community. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1968.
GAO, X. Between the State and the private sphere: Chinese state medicine movement, 1930-1949. In: BU, L.; STAPLETON, D. H.; YIP, K. (Eds.). Science, public health and the State in Modern Asia. London: Routledge, 2012. p. 144-160.
GRANT, J. B. State medicine: a logical policy for China. National Medical Journal of China, v. 14, p. 65-80, February 1928.
GRANT, J. B.; PENG, T. M. Survey of urban public health practice in China. The Chinese Medical Journal, v. 48, p. 1075-1078, October 1934.
HAYFORD, Charles W. To the people: James Yen and Village China. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990.
HEWA, S. The Alma-Ata Declaration, Rockefeller Foundation and the development of primary health care in Sri Lanka: a model for health promotion. In: BU, L.; STAPLETON, D. H.; YIP, K. (Eds.). Science, public health and the State in Modern Asia. London: Routledge, 2012, p. 71-92.
HEWA, S. Colonialism, tropical disease and imperial medicine: Rockefeller Philanthropy in Sri Lanka. Lanham: University Press of America, 1995.
JOHNSON, T. P. Childbirth in Republican China: Delivering Modernity. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2011.
LI, L.; ZENG, Y. Selections from PUMC Medical Education Research. China: Peking Union Medical University Press, 2014.
LI, T. A. Summary report on rural public health practice in China. The Chinese Medical Journal, v. 48, p. 1086-1090, October 1934.
LITSIOS, S. Selskar Gunn and China: The Rockefeller Foundation's ‘other’ approach to public health. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, v. 79, n. 2, p. 295-318, Summer 2005.
LUCAS, A. Changing edmical models in China: organizational options or obstacles? The China Quarterly, v. 83, p. 461-489, Sept. 1980.
MA, Q. To change China: The Rockefeller Foundation’s Century-Long journey in China. China: Guangxi Normal University Press, 2013.
NEWSHOLME, A. On the study of hygiene in elementary schools. Public Health, v. 3, p. 134-136, 1980.
PETER, W. W. The field and methods of public health work in the field of missionary enterprise. The China Medical Journal, v. 40, p. 226-230, March 1926.
POLS, H. Nurturing Indonesia: medicine and decolonisation in the Dutch East Indies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
STEIN, E. A. Hygiene and decolonization: The Rockefeller Foundation and Indonesian Nationalism, 1933-1958. In: BU, L.; STAPLETON, D. H.; YIP, K. (Eds.). Science, public health and the State in Modern Asia. London: Routledge, 2012, p. 51-70.
THE CHINA MEDICAL JOURNAL, v. 38, n. 5, May 1924.
THE NATIONAL MEDICAL JOURNAL, v. 5, n. 4, 1919.
THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION Annual Report, 1923.
YIP, K. Health and national reconstruction in Nationalist China: the development of modern health services, 1928-1937. Ann Arbor: Association for Asian Studies, Inc., 1995.
ZHANG, D. A social history of diseases in Modern China, 1912-1937. China: Shandong jiaoyu chubanshe, 2006.
Téléchargements
Publiée
2021-08-24
Numéro
Rubrique
Dossiê
Licence
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms: Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which allows the sharing of work with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal. Authors are authorized to take additional contracts separately, for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (eg, publish in institutional repository or as a book chapter), with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal. Authors are allowed and encouraged to publish and distribute their work online (eg in institutional repositories or on their personal page) at any point before or during the editorial process, as this can generate productive changes as well as increase the impact and the citation of the published work (See The Effect of Free Access).Comment citer
Rockefeller Foundation’s Global Health and China’s Modern Health Development. (2021). Revista História: Debates E Tendências, 21(3), 54-79. https://doi.org/10.5335/hdtv.21n.3.12855
