Urnas Eletrônicas no Brasil: linha do tempo, evolução e falhas e desafios de segurança

Abstract

Even after years of implementation and evolution of electronic voting, electronic ballot boxes continue to be a growing target for criticism, both by information security experts and by society. The main challenges in using this type of ballot box are to ensure the transparency, audibility, and reliability of the voting system, while also ensuring the integrity, confidentiality, and privacy of votes. In the Brazilian system, the main points criticized are exactly the lack of transparency and the limited auditability of the ballot boxes, which in the few cases in which they were granted to civil society outside electoral periods led to the discovery of security breaches. It is not surprising, therefore, that this, coupled with the current inability to audit the election results, puts in check the reliability in the system. In this survey, we present and analyze the evolution of electronic voting systems with the objective of creating a timeline and discussing security flaws and open challenges. We have also identified and discussed important questions to be answered so that an electronic ballot-based system may be one of the main mechanisms for electing representatives in a democracy.