Etiology and factors associated with halitosis: an integrative literature review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5335/rfo.v25i2.11551Keywords:
Halitosis, Etiology, Risk FactorsAbstract
Objective: to evaluate the possible causes and what are the factors associated with the onset of halitosis. Methods: a review was performed in the PubMed and SciELO databases, using the descriptors and synonyms MeSH organized in Boolean logic: ‘Halitosis’ AND ‘Risk Factors’ OR ‘Association’ OR ‘Etiologies’, with the following steps: identification of articles, screening, eligibility and inclusion. Only articles published between 20152020; randomized clinical trials; cross-sectional or cohort studies were included in the review. Study protocols and articles that were not in the criteria and objective of this review were excluded. Results: Of 240 articles found, 22 were included. Of those, 50% showed that the lack or deficiency of oral hygiene habits are related to halitosis. Furthermore, 40.9% of them refer to tongue coating as a strong etiological factor and 36.4% demonstrate that periodontal disease is directly associated with bad breath. Moreover, in relation to other local and systemic conditions, xerostomia (13.6%), gastrointestinal disease and laryngeal reflux (9.1%), rhinitis and diabetes (4.5%) also demonstrated an association. Final considerations: Halitosis may be associated with oral hygiene, lingualcoating, periodontal disease, some habits and systemic conditions.
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References
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2. Rocha EF, Rocha VCF, Nardelli RD. Halitose como Condição de Saúde Bucal na Qualiadade de Vida. Revista Acadêmica Online 2019; 25:1-10.
3. Aydin M, Bollen CML, Özen ME. Diagnostic Value of Halitosis Examination Methods. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 2016; 37(3):174-8.
4. Aimetti M, Perotto S, Castiglione A, Ercoli E, Romano F. Prevalence estimation of halitosis and its association with oral health-related parameters in an adult population of a city in North Italy. J Clin Periodontol 2015; 42:1105-14.
5. Nwhator SO, Isiekwe GI, Soroye MO, Agbaje MO. Badbreath: perceptions and misconceptions of Nigerian adults. Niger J Clin Pract 2015; 18:670-5.
6. Valduga C, Elsemann EB, Elsemann RB, Pereira J. Auto-percepção de halitose em acadêmicos de odontologia. Rev Eletrônica Acervo Saúde 2019; 34:1-7.
7. Guiotti AM, Goiato MC, Micheline D, Santos DOS, Helga K, Turcio L, et al. Halitose na geriatria: diagnóstico, causas e prevalência. Rev Odontlógica de Araçatuba 2014; 35(1):9-13.
8. Silva MF, Leite FRM, Ferreira LB, Pola NM, Scannapieco FA, Demarco FF, et al. Estimated prevalence of halitosis: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Clinical Oral Investigations 2018; 22(1):47-55.
9. Conceição MD, Giudice FS, Carvalho LF. The Halitosis Consequences Inventory: psychometric properties and relationship with social anxiety disorder. BDJ Open [Internet] 2018; 4(1):1-5. Disponível em URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bdjopen.2018.2.
10. Faria SFS, Costa FO, Silveira JO, Cyrino RM, Cota LOM. Self-reported halitosis in a sample of Brazilians: Prevalence, associated risk predictors and accuracy estimates with clinical diagnosis. J Clin Periodontol 2020; 47(2):233-46.
11. Silva MF, Nascimento GG, Leite FRM, Horta BL, Demarco FF. Periodontitis and self-reported halitosis among young adults from the 1982 Pelotas Birth Cohort. Oral Dis 2020; 26(4):843-6.
12. Costacurta M, Petrini M, Biferi V, Arcuri C, Spoto G, Docimo R. The correlation between different techniques for the evaluation of oral malodour in children with and without orthodontic treatment. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2019; 20(3):233-6.
13. Seerangaiyan K, Maruthamuthu M, Winkelhoff AJ van, Winkel EG. Untargeted metabolomics of the bacterial tongue coating of intra-oral halitosis patients. J Breath Res 2019; 13(4):1-29.
14. Alqutami J, Elger W, Grafe N, Hiemisch A, Kiess W, Hirsch C. Dental health, halitosis and mouth breathing in 10-to-15 year old children: A potential connection. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2019; 20(4):274-9.
15. Ye W, Zhang Y, He M, Zhu C, Feng X-P. Relationship of tongue coating microbiome on volatile sulfur compounds in healthy and halitosis adults. J Breath Res 2019; 14(1):1-26.
16. Du M, Li L, Jiang H, Zheng Y, Zhang J. Prevalence and relevant factors of halitosis in Chinese subjects: A clinical research. BMC Oral Health 2019; 19(1):1-11.
17. Ziaei N, Hosseinpour S, Nazari H, Rezaei M, Rezaei K. Halitosis and its associated factors among Kermanshah high school students (2015). Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2019; 11:327-38.
18. Guedes CC, Bussadori SK, Weber R, Motta LJ, Costa Da Mota AC, Amancio OMS. Halitosis: Prevalence and association with oral etiological factors in children and adolescents. J Breath Res 2019; 13(2).
19. Ueno M, Ohnuki M, Zaitsu T, Takehara S, Furukawa S, Kawaguchi Y. Prevalence and risk factors of halitosis in Japanese school children. Pediatr Int 2018; 60(6):588-92.
20. Herman S, Lisowska G, Herman J, Wojtyna E, Misiońek M. Genuine halitosis in patients with dental and laryngological etiologies of mouth odor: severity and role of oral hygiene behaviors. Eur J Oral Sci 2018; 126(2):101-9.
21. Anbari F, Ashouri Moghaddam A, Sabeti E, Khodabakhshi A. Halitosis: Helicobacter pylori or oral factors. Helicobacter 2018; 24(1):1-5.
22. Takeuchi H, Machigashira M, Takeuchi N, Nakamura T, Noguchi K. The association of periodontopathic bacteria levels in saliva and tongue coating with oral malodor in periodontitis patients. Oral Heal Prev Dent 2017; 15(3):285-91.
23. Kayombo CM, Mumghamba EG. Self-Reported Halitosis in relation to Oral Hygiene Practices, Oral Health Status, General Health Problems, and Multifactorial Characteristics among Workers in Ilala and Temeke Municipals, Tanzania. Int J Dent 2017.
24. Avincsal MO, Altundag A, Ulusoy S, Dinc ME, Dalgic A, Topak M. Halitosis associated volatile sulphur compound levels in patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 2016; 273(6):1515-20.
25. Chen X, Zhang Y, Lu HX, Feng XP. Factors Associated with Halitosis in White-Collar Employees in Shanghai, China. PLoS One 2016; 11(5):1-13.
26. Lopes MH, Rösing CK, Colussi PRG, Muniz FWM, Linden MS. Prevalence of self-reported halitosis and associated factors in adolescents from Southern Brazil. Acta Odontol Latinoam 2016; 29(2):93-103.
27. Milanesi FC, Kauer B, Wagner TP, Daudt LD, Haas AN. Self-reported halitosis and associated demographic and behavioral factors. Braz Oral Res 2016; 30(1):e71.
28. Sökücü O, Akpinar A, Özdemir H, Birlik M, ÇaliÅ„ir M. The effect of fixed appliances on oral malodor from beginning of treatment till 1 year. BMC Oral Health 2016; 16(1):1-5.
29. Rani H, Ueno M, Zaitsu T, Kawaguchi Y. Oral malodour among adolescents and its association with health behaviour and oral health status. Int J Dent Hyg 2016; 14(2):135-41.
30. Bolepalli AC, Munireddy C, Peruka S, Polepalle T, Choudary Alluri LS, Mishaeel S. Determining the association between oral malodor and periodontal disease: A case control study. J IntSocPrev Community Dent 2015; 5(5):413-8. DOI:10.4103/2231-0762.165929.
31. Aimetti M, Perotto S, Castiglione A, Ercoli E, Romano F. Prevalence estimation of halitosis and its association with oral health-related parameters in an adult population of a city in North Italy. J Clin Periodontol 2015; 42(12):1105-14.
32. Butze JP, Angst PDM, Gomes SC. Perspectivas atuais sobre halitose bucal: revisão de literatura. Revista Brasileira de Periodontologia 2015; 25(2):48-54.
33. Farias A, Celestino F, Lins R, Gome R, D´avila S, Costa E. Pseudohalitose versus halitose real e sua relação com a doença periodontal- uma abordagem atualizada. Odontol Clin Cient 2011; 421-4.
34. Faber J. Halitose. Revista Dental Press de Ortodontia e Ortopedia Facial 2009; (14):14-5.
35. Tárzia O. Halitose por saburra lingual. In: Paiva JS, Almeida RV. Periodontia: a atualização baseada em evidências científicas. São Paulo: Artes Médicas; 2005. p. 543-61.
36. Murata T, Yamaga T, Iida T, Miyazaki H, Yaegaki K. Classification and examination of halitosis. Int Dent J 2002; 52(Suppl 3):181-6. DOI:10.1002/j.1875-595x.2002.tb00921.x.
37. Tangerman A, Winkel EG. O cromatógrafo de gás portátil OralChromaTM: um método de escolha para detectar halitose oral e extra-oral. Journal of Breath Research 2008; 2(1):10-7.
38. Amado FM, Chinellato LEM, Tarzia O. Halitose: métodos de avaliação e tratamento. Revista Internacional de Estomatopatologia 2010; 2(4):30-5.
39. Dutra EP. A saburra lingual como fator de risco para doença periodontal [monografia]. São Paulo: Centro de Estudos Odontológicos São Leopoldo Mandic; 2006.
40. Silveira EM, Piccinin FB, Gomes SC, Oppermann RV, Rösing CK. Effect of gingivitis treatment on the breath of chronic periodontitis patients. Oral Health Prev Dent 2012; 10(1):93-100.
41. Nadanovsky P, Carvalho LB, Ponce de Leon A. Oral malodour and its association with age and sex in a general population in Brazil. Oral Dis 2007; 13(1):105-9. DOI: 10.1111/j. 1601-0825.2006.01257.x.
42. Fernandes DLA, Rolo TA, Oliveira JABP, Gomes MTSR. Um novo sistema analítico, baseado em um sensor de onda acústica, para avaliação de halitose. Sens Atuadores B Chem Lausanne 2009; 136:73-9.
43. Cameira Nunes J, Martínez-Sahuquillo Á, Cameira MJ, Dias Marques H. Halitosis: Are dentists being prepared for this challenge? – A questionnaire survey in a dental school. Revista Portuguesa de Estomatología Medicina Dentária e Cirugia Maxilofacial 2011; 52(3):142-6. DOI: 10.1016/j. rpemd.2011.05.003.
2. Rocha EF, Rocha VCF, Nardelli RD. Halitose como Condição de Saúde Bucal na Qualiadade de Vida. Revista Acadêmica Online 2019; 25:1-10.
3. Aydin M, Bollen CML, Özen ME. Diagnostic Value of Halitosis Examination Methods. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 2016; 37(3):174-8.
4. Aimetti M, Perotto S, Castiglione A, Ercoli E, Romano F. Prevalence estimation of halitosis and its association with oral health-related parameters in an adult population of a city in North Italy. J Clin Periodontol 2015; 42:1105-14.
5. Nwhator SO, Isiekwe GI, Soroye MO, Agbaje MO. Badbreath: perceptions and misconceptions of Nigerian adults. Niger J Clin Pract 2015; 18:670-5.
6. Valduga C, Elsemann EB, Elsemann RB, Pereira J. Auto-percepção de halitose em acadêmicos de odontologia. Rev Eletrônica Acervo Saúde 2019; 34:1-7.
7. Guiotti AM, Goiato MC, Micheline D, Santos DOS, Helga K, Turcio L, et al. Halitose na geriatria: diagnóstico, causas e prevalência. Rev Odontlógica de Araçatuba 2014; 35(1):9-13.
8. Silva MF, Leite FRM, Ferreira LB, Pola NM, Scannapieco FA, Demarco FF, et al. Estimated prevalence of halitosis: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Clinical Oral Investigations 2018; 22(1):47-55.
9. Conceição MD, Giudice FS, Carvalho LF. The Halitosis Consequences Inventory: psychometric properties and relationship with social anxiety disorder. BDJ Open [Internet] 2018; 4(1):1-5. Disponível em URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bdjopen.2018.2.
10. Faria SFS, Costa FO, Silveira JO, Cyrino RM, Cota LOM. Self-reported halitosis in a sample of Brazilians: Prevalence, associated risk predictors and accuracy estimates with clinical diagnosis. J Clin Periodontol 2020; 47(2):233-46.
11. Silva MF, Nascimento GG, Leite FRM, Horta BL, Demarco FF. Periodontitis and self-reported halitosis among young adults from the 1982 Pelotas Birth Cohort. Oral Dis 2020; 26(4):843-6.
12. Costacurta M, Petrini M, Biferi V, Arcuri C, Spoto G, Docimo R. The correlation between different techniques for the evaluation of oral malodour in children with and without orthodontic treatment. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2019; 20(3):233-6.
13. Seerangaiyan K, Maruthamuthu M, Winkelhoff AJ van, Winkel EG. Untargeted metabolomics of the bacterial tongue coating of intra-oral halitosis patients. J Breath Res 2019; 13(4):1-29.
14. Alqutami J, Elger W, Grafe N, Hiemisch A, Kiess W, Hirsch C. Dental health, halitosis and mouth breathing in 10-to-15 year old children: A potential connection. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2019; 20(4):274-9.
15. Ye W, Zhang Y, He M, Zhu C, Feng X-P. Relationship of tongue coating microbiome on volatile sulfur compounds in healthy and halitosis adults. J Breath Res 2019; 14(1):1-26.
16. Du M, Li L, Jiang H, Zheng Y, Zhang J. Prevalence and relevant factors of halitosis in Chinese subjects: A clinical research. BMC Oral Health 2019; 19(1):1-11.
17. Ziaei N, Hosseinpour S, Nazari H, Rezaei M, Rezaei K. Halitosis and its associated factors among Kermanshah high school students (2015). Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2019; 11:327-38.
18. Guedes CC, Bussadori SK, Weber R, Motta LJ, Costa Da Mota AC, Amancio OMS. Halitosis: Prevalence and association with oral etiological factors in children and adolescents. J Breath Res 2019; 13(2).
19. Ueno M, Ohnuki M, Zaitsu T, Takehara S, Furukawa S, Kawaguchi Y. Prevalence and risk factors of halitosis in Japanese school children. Pediatr Int 2018; 60(6):588-92.
20. Herman S, Lisowska G, Herman J, Wojtyna E, Misiońek M. Genuine halitosis in patients with dental and laryngological etiologies of mouth odor: severity and role of oral hygiene behaviors. Eur J Oral Sci 2018; 126(2):101-9.
21. Anbari F, Ashouri Moghaddam A, Sabeti E, Khodabakhshi A. Halitosis: Helicobacter pylori or oral factors. Helicobacter 2018; 24(1):1-5.
22. Takeuchi H, Machigashira M, Takeuchi N, Nakamura T, Noguchi K. The association of periodontopathic bacteria levels in saliva and tongue coating with oral malodor in periodontitis patients. Oral Heal Prev Dent 2017; 15(3):285-91.
23. Kayombo CM, Mumghamba EG. Self-Reported Halitosis in relation to Oral Hygiene Practices, Oral Health Status, General Health Problems, and Multifactorial Characteristics among Workers in Ilala and Temeke Municipals, Tanzania. Int J Dent 2017.
24. Avincsal MO, Altundag A, Ulusoy S, Dinc ME, Dalgic A, Topak M. Halitosis associated volatile sulphur compound levels in patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 2016; 273(6):1515-20.
25. Chen X, Zhang Y, Lu HX, Feng XP. Factors Associated with Halitosis in White-Collar Employees in Shanghai, China. PLoS One 2016; 11(5):1-13.
26. Lopes MH, Rösing CK, Colussi PRG, Muniz FWM, Linden MS. Prevalence of self-reported halitosis and associated factors in adolescents from Southern Brazil. Acta Odontol Latinoam 2016; 29(2):93-103.
27. Milanesi FC, Kauer B, Wagner TP, Daudt LD, Haas AN. Self-reported halitosis and associated demographic and behavioral factors. Braz Oral Res 2016; 30(1):e71.
28. Sökücü O, Akpinar A, Özdemir H, Birlik M, ÇaliÅ„ir M. The effect of fixed appliances on oral malodor from beginning of treatment till 1 year. BMC Oral Health 2016; 16(1):1-5.
29. Rani H, Ueno M, Zaitsu T, Kawaguchi Y. Oral malodour among adolescents and its association with health behaviour and oral health status. Int J Dent Hyg 2016; 14(2):135-41.
30. Bolepalli AC, Munireddy C, Peruka S, Polepalle T, Choudary Alluri LS, Mishaeel S. Determining the association between oral malodor and periodontal disease: A case control study. J IntSocPrev Community Dent 2015; 5(5):413-8. DOI:10.4103/2231-0762.165929.
31. Aimetti M, Perotto S, Castiglione A, Ercoli E, Romano F. Prevalence estimation of halitosis and its association with oral health-related parameters in an adult population of a city in North Italy. J Clin Periodontol 2015; 42(12):1105-14.
32. Butze JP, Angst PDM, Gomes SC. Perspectivas atuais sobre halitose bucal: revisão de literatura. Revista Brasileira de Periodontologia 2015; 25(2):48-54.
33. Farias A, Celestino F, Lins R, Gome R, D´avila S, Costa E. Pseudohalitose versus halitose real e sua relação com a doença periodontal- uma abordagem atualizada. Odontol Clin Cient 2011; 421-4.
34. Faber J. Halitose. Revista Dental Press de Ortodontia e Ortopedia Facial 2009; (14):14-5.
35. Tárzia O. Halitose por saburra lingual. In: Paiva JS, Almeida RV. Periodontia: a atualização baseada em evidências científicas. São Paulo: Artes Médicas; 2005. p. 543-61.
36. Murata T, Yamaga T, Iida T, Miyazaki H, Yaegaki K. Classification and examination of halitosis. Int Dent J 2002; 52(Suppl 3):181-6. DOI:10.1002/j.1875-595x.2002.tb00921.x.
37. Tangerman A, Winkel EG. O cromatógrafo de gás portátil OralChromaTM: um método de escolha para detectar halitose oral e extra-oral. Journal of Breath Research 2008; 2(1):10-7.
38. Amado FM, Chinellato LEM, Tarzia O. Halitose: métodos de avaliação e tratamento. Revista Internacional de Estomatopatologia 2010; 2(4):30-5.
39. Dutra EP. A saburra lingual como fator de risco para doença periodontal [monografia]. São Paulo: Centro de Estudos Odontológicos São Leopoldo Mandic; 2006.
40. Silveira EM, Piccinin FB, Gomes SC, Oppermann RV, Rösing CK. Effect of gingivitis treatment on the breath of chronic periodontitis patients. Oral Health Prev Dent 2012; 10(1):93-100.
41. Nadanovsky P, Carvalho LB, Ponce de Leon A. Oral malodour and its association with age and sex in a general population in Brazil. Oral Dis 2007; 13(1):105-9. DOI: 10.1111/j. 1601-0825.2006.01257.x.
42. Fernandes DLA, Rolo TA, Oliveira JABP, Gomes MTSR. Um novo sistema analítico, baseado em um sensor de onda acústica, para avaliação de halitose. Sens Atuadores B Chem Lausanne 2009; 136:73-9.
43. Cameira Nunes J, Martínez-Sahuquillo Á, Cameira MJ, Dias Marques H. Halitosis: Are dentists being prepared for this challenge? – A questionnaire survey in a dental school. Revista Portuguesa de Estomatología Medicina Dentária e Cirugia Maxilofacial 2011; 52(3):142-6. DOI: 10.1016/j. rpemd.2011.05.003.
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2021-06-02
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Etiology and factors associated with halitosis: an integrative literature review. (2021). Revista Da Faculdade De Odontologia - UPF, 25(2), 319-326. https://doi.org/10.5335/rfo.v25i2.11551
