How the second and third LED generation features can influence the hardness of restorative composites – a review of the literature.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5335/rfo.v26i2.13031Keywords:
Dental Clinics, Hardness, Dental Materials, Composite ResinsAbstract
This literature review aimed to evaluate the influence of second and third generation Light-emitting Diode (LEDs) sources on the hardness of restorative composites. In the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, 239 scientific papers in English were pre-selected between 2010 and 2020 using light-curing, LED light sources, and dental LEDs. After reading, 37 articles were selected to compose the review. Several studies have pointed out significant differences in the hardness of the tested restorative composites, both on the top and base surfaces. However, these differences were more associated with characteristics such as: LED conservation conditions, irradiance, curing time, the emission spectrum of the devices and their compatibility with the photoinitiator used in the composite. Thus, it can be considered that monitoring the condition of the device and the correct choice of light sources according to the composite to be used is essential to maximize the hardness of the restorative composites, because although third-generation devices are preferably indicated for composites with alternative photoinitiators, devices that emit blue light have advantages when the composite is activated only by Camphorquinone.
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References
1. Sabatini C. Comparative study of surface microhardness of methacrylate-based composite resins polymerized with light-emitting diodes and halogen. Eur J Dent. 2013 Jul; 7(3):327-35.
2. Esmaeili B, Safarcherati H, Vaezi A. Hardness Evaluation of Composite Resins Cured with QTH and LED. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects. 2014 Winter; 8(1):40-4.
3. Monterubbianesi R, Orsini G, Tosi G, Conti C, Librando V, Procaccini M, et al. Spectroscopic and Mechanical Properties of a New Generation of Bulk Fill Composites. Front Physiol. 2016 7:652.
4. Theobaldo JD, Aguiar FHB, Pini NIP, Lima D, Liporoni PCS, Catelan A. Effect of preheating and light-curing unit on physicochemical properties of a bulk fill composite. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2017 9:39-43.
5. Soto-Montero J, Nima G, Rueggeberg FA, Dias C, Giannini M. Influence of Multiple Peak Light-emitting-diode Curing Unit Beam Homogenization Tips on Microhardness of Resin Composites. Oper Dent. 2020 May/Jun; 45(3):327-38.
6. Marchan SM, White D, Smith WA, Raman V, Coldero L, Dhuru V. Effect of reduced exposure times on the microhardness of nanocomposites polymerized by QTH and second-generation LED curing lights. Oper Dent. 2011 Jan-Feb; 36(1):98-103.
7. Santini A, Miletic V, Swift MD, Bradley M. Degree of conversion and microhardness of TPO-containing resin-based composites cured by polywave and monowave LED units. J Dent. 2012 Jul; 40(7):577-84.
8. Issa Y, Watts DC, Boyd D, Price RB. Effect of curing light emission spectrum on the nanohardness and elastic modulus of two bulk-fill resin composites. Dent Mater. 2016 Apr; 32(4):535-50.
9. Pirmoradian M, Hooshmand T, Jafari-Semnani S, Fadavi F. Degree of conversion and microhardness of bulk-fill dental composites polymerized by LED and QTH light curing units. J Oral Biosci. 2020 Mar; 62(1):107-13.
10. Siagian JS, Dennis D, Ikhsan T, Abidin T. Effect of Different LED Light-curing Units on Degree of Conversion and Microhardness of Bulk-fill Composite Resin. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2020 Jun 1; 21(6):615-20.
11. Choudhary S, Suprabha B. Effectiveness of light emitting diode and halogen light curing units for curing microhybrid and nanocomposites. J Conserv Dent. 2013 May; 16(3):233-7.
12. AlQahtani MQ, Michaud PL, Sullivan B, Labrie D, AlShaafi MM, Price RB. Effect of High Irradiance on Depth of Cure of a Conventional and a Bulk Fill Resin-based Composite. Oper Dent. 2015 Nov-Dec; 40(6):662-72.
13. Gonulol N, Ozer S, Tunc ES. Effect of a third-generation LED LCU on microhardness of tooth-colored restorative materials. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2016 Sep; 26(5):376-82.
14. Price RB, Labrie D, Rueggeberg FA, Sullivan B, Kostylev I, Fahey J. Correlation between the beam profile from a curing light and the microhardness of four resins. Dent Mater. 2014 Dec; 30(12):1345-57.
15. Comba A, Scotti N, Maravić T, Mazzoni A, Carossa M, Breschi L, et al. Vickers Hardness and Shrinkage Stress Evaluation of Low and High Viscosity Bulk-Fill Resin Composite. Polymers (Basel). 2020 Jun 30; 12(7).
16. AlShaafi MM. Effects of Different Temperatures and Storage Time on the Degree of Conversion and Microhardness of Resin-based Composites. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2016 Mar 1; 17(3):217-23.
17. Giorgi MC, Aguiar FH, Soares LE, Martin AA, Liporoni PC, Paulillo LA. Does an additional UV LED improve the degree of conversion and Knoop Hardness of light-shade composite resins? Eur J Dent. 2012 Oct; 6(4):396-401.
18. Agrawal A, Manwar NU, Hegde SG, Chandak M, Ikhar A, Patel A. Comparative evaluation of surface hardness and depth of cure of silorane and methacrylate-based posterior composite resins: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent. 2015 Mar-Apr; 18(2):136-9.
19. Magalhães Filho TR, Weig KM, Costa MF, Werneck MM, Barthem RB, Costa Neto CA. Effect of LED-LCU light irradiance distribution on mechanical properties of resin based materials. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2016 Jun; 63:301-7.
20. Gan JK, Yap AU, Cheong JW, Arista N, Tan C. Bulk-Fill Composites: Effectiveness of Cure With Poly- and Monowave Curing Lights and Modes. Oper Dent. 2018 Mar/Apr; 43(2):136-43.
21. Mousavinasab SM, Meyers I. Comparison of Depth of Cure, Hardness and Heat Generation of LED and High Intensity QTH Light Sources. Eur J Dent. 2011 Jul; 5(3):299-304.
22. Tanthanuch S, Kukiattrakoon B. The effect of curing time by conventional quartz tungsten halogens and new light-emitting diodes light curing units on degree of conversion and microhardness of a nanohybrid resin composite. J Conserv Dent. 2019 Mar-Apr; 22(2):196-200.
23. Lima AF, de Andrade KM, da Cruz Alves LE, Soares GP, Marchi GM, Aguiar FH, et al. Influence of light source and extended time of curing on microhardness and degree of conversion of different regions of a nanofilled composite resin. Eur J Dent. 2012 Apr; 6(2):153-7.
24. Rencz A, Hickel R, Ilie N. Curing efficiency of modern LED units. Clin Oral Investig. 2012 Feb; 16(1):173-9.
25. Oliveira DC, Souza-Junior EJ, Dobson A, Correr AR, Brandt WC, Sinhoreti MA. Evaluation of phenyl-propanedione on yellowing and chemical-mechanical properties of experimental dental resin-based materials. J Appl Oral Sci. 2016 Nov-Dec; 24(6):555-60.
26. Shimokawa C, Sullivan B, Turbino ML, Soares CJ, Price RB. Influence of Emission Spectrum and Irradiance on Light Curing of Resin-Based Composites. Oper Dent. 2017 Sep/Oct; 42(5):537-47.
27. de ASMB, Briso AL, de Oliveira-Reis B, Dos Santos PH, Fagundes TC. Influence of Light-curing Units on Surface Microhardness and Color Change of Composite Resins after Challenge. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2019 Feb 1; 20(2):204-10.
28. Lee DS, Jeong TS, Kim S, Kim HI, Kwon YH. Effect of dual-peak LED unit on the polymerization of coinitiator-containing composite resins. Dent Mater J. 2012 31(4):656-61.
29. Shortall AC, Palin WM, Jacquot B, Pelissier B. Advances in light-curing units: four generations of LED lights and clinical implications for optimizing their use: Part 2. From present to future. Dent Update. 2012 Jan-Feb; 39(1):13-7, 20-2.
30. MM AL, Haenel T, Sullivan B, Labrie D, Alqahtani MQ, Price RB. Effect of a broad-spectrum LED curing light on the Knoop microhardness of four posterior resin based composites at 2, 4 and 6-mm depths. J Dent. 2016 Feb; 45:14-8.
31. Kouros P, Dionysopoulos D, Deligianni A, Strakas D, Sfeikos T, Tolidis K. Evaluation of photopolymerization efficacy and temperature rise of a composite resin using a blue diode laser (445 nm). Eur J Oral Sci. 2020 Oct 23.
32. Brandt WC, Tomaselli Lde O, Correr-Sobrinho L, Sinhoreti MA. Can phenyl-propanedione influence Knoop hardness, rate of polymerization and bond strength of resin composite restorations? J Dent. 2011 Jun; 39(6):438-47.
33. D'Alpino PH, Bechtold J, dos Santos PJ, Alonso RC, Di Hipólito V, Silikas N, et al. Methacrylate- and silorane-based composite restorations: hardness, depth of cure and interfacial gap formation as a function of the energy dose. Dent Mater. 2011 Nov; 27(11):1162-9.
34. Sim JS, Seol HJ, Park JK, Garcia-Godoy F, Kim HI, Kwon YH. Interaction of LED light with coinitiator-containing composite resins: effect of dual peaks. J Dent. 2012 Oct; 40(10):836-42.
35. Ilie N, Bauer H, Draenert M, Hickel R. Resin-based composite light-cured properties assessed by laboratory standards and simulated clinical conditions. Oper Dent. 2013 Mar-Apr; 38(2):159-67.
36. Tongtaksin A, Leevailoj C. Battery Charge Affects the Stability of Light Intensity from Light-emitting Diode Light-curing Units. Oper Dent. 2017 Sep/Oct; 42(5):497-504.
37. Lee CH, Ferracane J, Lee IB. Effect of pulse width modulation-controlled LED light on the polymerization of dental composites. Dent Mater. 2018 Dec; 34(12):1836-45.
38. Par M, Repusic I, Skenderovic H, Milat O, Spajic J, Tarle Z. The effects of extended curing time and radiant energy on microhardness and temperature rise of conventional and bulk-fill resin composites. Clin Oral Investig. 2019 Oct; 23(10):3777-88.
39. Morimoto S, Zanini RA, Meira JB, Agra CM, Calheiros FC, Nagase DY. Influence of physical assessment of different light-curing units on irradiance and composite microhardness top/bottom ratio. Odontology. 2016 Sep; 104(3):298-304.
40. Rueggeberg FA, Giannini M, Arrais CAG, Price RBT. Light curing in dentistry and clinical implications: a literature review. Braz Oral Res. 2017 Aug 28; 31(suppl 1):e61.
41. Judy RH, Dunn WJ, Patel AB, Swanson T. Effective single-charge end point of cordless light-emitting diode light-curing units. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006 Sep; 130(3):378-84.
2. Esmaeili B, Safarcherati H, Vaezi A. Hardness Evaluation of Composite Resins Cured with QTH and LED. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects. 2014 Winter; 8(1):40-4.
3. Monterubbianesi R, Orsini G, Tosi G, Conti C, Librando V, Procaccini M, et al. Spectroscopic and Mechanical Properties of a New Generation of Bulk Fill Composites. Front Physiol. 2016 7:652.
4. Theobaldo JD, Aguiar FHB, Pini NIP, Lima D, Liporoni PCS, Catelan A. Effect of preheating and light-curing unit on physicochemical properties of a bulk fill composite. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2017 9:39-43.
5. Soto-Montero J, Nima G, Rueggeberg FA, Dias C, Giannini M. Influence of Multiple Peak Light-emitting-diode Curing Unit Beam Homogenization Tips on Microhardness of Resin Composites. Oper Dent. 2020 May/Jun; 45(3):327-38.
6. Marchan SM, White D, Smith WA, Raman V, Coldero L, Dhuru V. Effect of reduced exposure times on the microhardness of nanocomposites polymerized by QTH and second-generation LED curing lights. Oper Dent. 2011 Jan-Feb; 36(1):98-103.
7. Santini A, Miletic V, Swift MD, Bradley M. Degree of conversion and microhardness of TPO-containing resin-based composites cured by polywave and monowave LED units. J Dent. 2012 Jul; 40(7):577-84.
8. Issa Y, Watts DC, Boyd D, Price RB. Effect of curing light emission spectrum on the nanohardness and elastic modulus of two bulk-fill resin composites. Dent Mater. 2016 Apr; 32(4):535-50.
9. Pirmoradian M, Hooshmand T, Jafari-Semnani S, Fadavi F. Degree of conversion and microhardness of bulk-fill dental composites polymerized by LED and QTH light curing units. J Oral Biosci. 2020 Mar; 62(1):107-13.
10. Siagian JS, Dennis D, Ikhsan T, Abidin T. Effect of Different LED Light-curing Units on Degree of Conversion and Microhardness of Bulk-fill Composite Resin. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2020 Jun 1; 21(6):615-20.
11. Choudhary S, Suprabha B. Effectiveness of light emitting diode and halogen light curing units for curing microhybrid and nanocomposites. J Conserv Dent. 2013 May; 16(3):233-7.
12. AlQahtani MQ, Michaud PL, Sullivan B, Labrie D, AlShaafi MM, Price RB. Effect of High Irradiance on Depth of Cure of a Conventional and a Bulk Fill Resin-based Composite. Oper Dent. 2015 Nov-Dec; 40(6):662-72.
13. Gonulol N, Ozer S, Tunc ES. Effect of a third-generation LED LCU on microhardness of tooth-colored restorative materials. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2016 Sep; 26(5):376-82.
14. Price RB, Labrie D, Rueggeberg FA, Sullivan B, Kostylev I, Fahey J. Correlation between the beam profile from a curing light and the microhardness of four resins. Dent Mater. 2014 Dec; 30(12):1345-57.
15. Comba A, Scotti N, Maravić T, Mazzoni A, Carossa M, Breschi L, et al. Vickers Hardness and Shrinkage Stress Evaluation of Low and High Viscosity Bulk-Fill Resin Composite. Polymers (Basel). 2020 Jun 30; 12(7).
16. AlShaafi MM. Effects of Different Temperatures and Storage Time on the Degree of Conversion and Microhardness of Resin-based Composites. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2016 Mar 1; 17(3):217-23.
17. Giorgi MC, Aguiar FH, Soares LE, Martin AA, Liporoni PC, Paulillo LA. Does an additional UV LED improve the degree of conversion and Knoop Hardness of light-shade composite resins? Eur J Dent. 2012 Oct; 6(4):396-401.
18. Agrawal A, Manwar NU, Hegde SG, Chandak M, Ikhar A, Patel A. Comparative evaluation of surface hardness and depth of cure of silorane and methacrylate-based posterior composite resins: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent. 2015 Mar-Apr; 18(2):136-9.
19. Magalhães Filho TR, Weig KM, Costa MF, Werneck MM, Barthem RB, Costa Neto CA. Effect of LED-LCU light irradiance distribution on mechanical properties of resin based materials. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2016 Jun; 63:301-7.
20. Gan JK, Yap AU, Cheong JW, Arista N, Tan C. Bulk-Fill Composites: Effectiveness of Cure With Poly- and Monowave Curing Lights and Modes. Oper Dent. 2018 Mar/Apr; 43(2):136-43.
21. Mousavinasab SM, Meyers I. Comparison of Depth of Cure, Hardness and Heat Generation of LED and High Intensity QTH Light Sources. Eur J Dent. 2011 Jul; 5(3):299-304.
22. Tanthanuch S, Kukiattrakoon B. The effect of curing time by conventional quartz tungsten halogens and new light-emitting diodes light curing units on degree of conversion and microhardness of a nanohybrid resin composite. J Conserv Dent. 2019 Mar-Apr; 22(2):196-200.
23. Lima AF, de Andrade KM, da Cruz Alves LE, Soares GP, Marchi GM, Aguiar FH, et al. Influence of light source and extended time of curing on microhardness and degree of conversion of different regions of a nanofilled composite resin. Eur J Dent. 2012 Apr; 6(2):153-7.
24. Rencz A, Hickel R, Ilie N. Curing efficiency of modern LED units. Clin Oral Investig. 2012 Feb; 16(1):173-9.
25. Oliveira DC, Souza-Junior EJ, Dobson A, Correr AR, Brandt WC, Sinhoreti MA. Evaluation of phenyl-propanedione on yellowing and chemical-mechanical properties of experimental dental resin-based materials. J Appl Oral Sci. 2016 Nov-Dec; 24(6):555-60.
26. Shimokawa C, Sullivan B, Turbino ML, Soares CJ, Price RB. Influence of Emission Spectrum and Irradiance on Light Curing of Resin-Based Composites. Oper Dent. 2017 Sep/Oct; 42(5):537-47.
27. de ASMB, Briso AL, de Oliveira-Reis B, Dos Santos PH, Fagundes TC. Influence of Light-curing Units on Surface Microhardness and Color Change of Composite Resins after Challenge. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2019 Feb 1; 20(2):204-10.
28. Lee DS, Jeong TS, Kim S, Kim HI, Kwon YH. Effect of dual-peak LED unit on the polymerization of coinitiator-containing composite resins. Dent Mater J. 2012 31(4):656-61.
29. Shortall AC, Palin WM, Jacquot B, Pelissier B. Advances in light-curing units: four generations of LED lights and clinical implications for optimizing their use: Part 2. From present to future. Dent Update. 2012 Jan-Feb; 39(1):13-7, 20-2.
30. MM AL, Haenel T, Sullivan B, Labrie D, Alqahtani MQ, Price RB. Effect of a broad-spectrum LED curing light on the Knoop microhardness of four posterior resin based composites at 2, 4 and 6-mm depths. J Dent. 2016 Feb; 45:14-8.
31. Kouros P, Dionysopoulos D, Deligianni A, Strakas D, Sfeikos T, Tolidis K. Evaluation of photopolymerization efficacy and temperature rise of a composite resin using a blue diode laser (445 nm). Eur J Oral Sci. 2020 Oct 23.
32. Brandt WC, Tomaselli Lde O, Correr-Sobrinho L, Sinhoreti MA. Can phenyl-propanedione influence Knoop hardness, rate of polymerization and bond strength of resin composite restorations? J Dent. 2011 Jun; 39(6):438-47.
33. D'Alpino PH, Bechtold J, dos Santos PJ, Alonso RC, Di Hipólito V, Silikas N, et al. Methacrylate- and silorane-based composite restorations: hardness, depth of cure and interfacial gap formation as a function of the energy dose. Dent Mater. 2011 Nov; 27(11):1162-9.
34. Sim JS, Seol HJ, Park JK, Garcia-Godoy F, Kim HI, Kwon YH. Interaction of LED light with coinitiator-containing composite resins: effect of dual peaks. J Dent. 2012 Oct; 40(10):836-42.
35. Ilie N, Bauer H, Draenert M, Hickel R. Resin-based composite light-cured properties assessed by laboratory standards and simulated clinical conditions. Oper Dent. 2013 Mar-Apr; 38(2):159-67.
36. Tongtaksin A, Leevailoj C. Battery Charge Affects the Stability of Light Intensity from Light-emitting Diode Light-curing Units. Oper Dent. 2017 Sep/Oct; 42(5):497-504.
37. Lee CH, Ferracane J, Lee IB. Effect of pulse width modulation-controlled LED light on the polymerization of dental composites. Dent Mater. 2018 Dec; 34(12):1836-45.
38. Par M, Repusic I, Skenderovic H, Milat O, Spajic J, Tarle Z. The effects of extended curing time and radiant energy on microhardness and temperature rise of conventional and bulk-fill resin composites. Clin Oral Investig. 2019 Oct; 23(10):3777-88.
39. Morimoto S, Zanini RA, Meira JB, Agra CM, Calheiros FC, Nagase DY. Influence of physical assessment of different light-curing units on irradiance and composite microhardness top/bottom ratio. Odontology. 2016 Sep; 104(3):298-304.
40. Rueggeberg FA, Giannini M, Arrais CAG, Price RBT. Light curing in dentistry and clinical implications: a literature review. Braz Oral Res. 2017 Aug 28; 31(suppl 1):e61.
41. Judy RH, Dunn WJ, Patel AB, Swanson T. Effective single-charge end point of cordless light-emitting diode light-curing units. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006 Sep; 130(3):378-84.
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2023-11-06
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How the second and third LED generation features can influence the hardness of restorative composites – a review of the literature. (2023). Revista Da Faculdade De Odontologia - UPF, 26(2). https://doi.org/10.5335/rfo.v26i2.13031
