Prevalence of apical periodontitis in people living with HIV in southern Brazil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5335/rfo.v27i1.14210Keywords:
AIDS, epidemiologia, fatores socioeconômicos, lesão periapical, periodontite periapicalAbstract
This cross-sectional study aimed to describe the prevalence of apical periodontitis (AP) in people living with HIV (PLHIV) over 50 years old and explore its association with sociodemographic, medical, and oral characteristics. Data from 59 PLHIV were collected, and the periapical area of 1018 teeth was evaluated through periapical radiographs (Rx) using Periapical Index (PAI). Presence and quality of root fillings and restorations (coronal fillings and crowns) were also assessed in the Rx; presence of caries was based on Rx and clinical data. Viral load (VL) and T-CD4 count were also evaluated. The prevalence of AP in individuals was 71%, and 8% of the teeth presented AP. Family income >5 Brazilian minimum wage (OR=0.06, 95% CI=0.005-0.62) and having at least one root-filled tooth (OR=14.55, 95% CI=1.45-145.72) were associated with the prevalence of AP, whereas VL and T-CD4 were not. The presence of caries, root filling, and restorations were associated with the presence of AP in a tooth. PLHIV presented a high prevalence of AP, but intrinsic factors related to HIV infection were not associated with AP in the studied subjects. PLHIV would benefit from oral health policies to prevent AP, as the results indicates that the endodontic disease in the present sub-population could be related to social problems.
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References
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34. Ng Y-L, Mann V, Rahbaran S, Lewsey J, Gulabivala K. Outcome of primary root canal
treatment: systematic review of the literature -- Part 2. Influence of clinical factors. Int
Endod J 2008;41(1):6–31. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2007.01323.x.
35. Kirkevang L-L, Vaeth M, Wenzel A. Tooth-specific risk indicators for apical periodontitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004;97(6):739–44. Doi:
10.1016/S1079210403005213.
36. Costa S, Martins C, Pinto M, Vasconcelos M, Abreu M. Socioeconomic Factors and Caries
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37. Langeland K. Tissue response to dental caries. Dent Traumatol 1987;3(4):149–71. Doi: 10.1111/j.1600-9657.1987.tb00619.x.
38. Ray H A, Trope M. Periapical status of endodontically treated teeth in relation to the technical quality of the root filling and the coronal restoration. Int Endod J 1995;28(1):12– 8.
39. Gillen B M, Looney S W, Gu L-S, et al. Impact of the Quality of Coronal Restoration versus the Quality of Root Canal Fillings on Success of Root Canal Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Endod 2011;37(7):895–902. Doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.04.002.
40. Liedke G S, Spin-Neto R, Vizzotto M B, Da Silveira P F, Silveira H E D, Wenzel A. Diagnostic accuracy of conventional and digital radiography for detecting misfit between the tooth and restoration in metal-restored teeth. J Prosthet Dent 2015;113(1):39–47. Doi: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2014.08.003.
41. Huumonen S, Ørstavik D. Radiological aspects of apical periodontitis. Endod Top 2002;1(1):3–25. Doi: 10.1034/j.1601-1546.2002.10102.x.
42. Negredo E, Massanella M, Puig J, et al. Nadir CD4 T cell count as predictor and high CD4 T cell intrinsic apoptosis as final mechanism of poor CD4 T cell recovery in virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients: Clinical implications. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50(9):1300– 8. Doi: 10.1086/651689.
2. Wu M-K, Dummer PMH, Wesselink PR. Consequences of and strategies to deal with residual post-treatment root canal infection. Int Endod J. 2006;39:343–56.
3. Tibúrcio-Machado CS, Michelon C, Zanatta FB, Gomes MS, Marin JA, Bier CA. The global prevalence of apical periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Endod J. 2021; 54: 712-35.
4. Segura-Egea JJ, Martin-Gonzalez J, Castellanos-Cosano L. Endodontic medicine: connections between apical periodontitis and systemic diseases. Int Endod J. 2015;48:933– 51.
5. Gupta A, Aggarwal V, Mehta N, Abraham D, Singh A. Diabetes mellitus and the healing of periapical lesions in root filled teeth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Endod J. 2020;53:1472–84.
6. Cintra LTA, Gomes MS, da Silva CC, Faria FD, Benetti F, Cosme-Silva L, et al. Evolution of endodontic medicine: a critical narrative review of the interrelationship between endodontics and systemic pathological conditions. Odontology. 2021; 109:741–69.
7. McCune JM. The dynamics of CD4+ T-cell depletion in HIV disease. Nature. 2001 410:974–9.
8. Gulick RM, Mellors JW, Havlir D, Eron JJ, Gonzalez C, McMahon D, et al. Treatment with Indinavir, Zidovudine, and Lamivudine in Adults with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Prior Antiretroviral Therapy. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:734–9.
9. Hoffmann C, Rockstroh JK. HIV 2015/2016. 23a. Hamburgo; 2015. 756 p. Available from: https://hivbook.com/
10. Chun T-W, Carruth L, Finzi D, Shen X, DiGiuseppe JA, Taylor H, et al. Quantification of latent tissue reservoirs and total body viral load in HIV-1 infection. Nature. 1997;387:183– 8.
11. Nix LM, Tien PC. Metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in HIV. Current HIV/AIDS reports. 2014; 11:271–8.
12. Casper C, Crane H, Menon M, Money D. HIV/AIDS Comorbidities: Impact on Cancer, Noncommunicable Diseases, and Reproductive Health. Dis. Control Priorities, Third Ed.
(Volume 6) Major Infect. Dis. The World Bank; 2017. p. 45–66.
13. Berberi A, Noujeim Z. Epidemiology and Relationships between CD4+ Counts and Oral
Lesions among 50 Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. J Int Oral Heal
JIOH 2015;7(1):18–21.
14. Fontes T V, Ferreira S M S, Silva-Junior A, et al. Periradicular lesions in HIV-infected
patients attending the faculty of dentistry: clinical findings, socio-demographics status,
habits and laboratory data - seeking an association. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2014;69(9):627–33.
15. Project Work Group for the HIV and Aging Consensus. Summary Report from the Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Aging Consensus Project: Treatment Strategies for Clinicians Managing Older Individuals with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. J Am Geriatr Soc
2012;60(5):974–9.
16. John M. The clinical implications of HIV infection and aging. Oral Dis 2016;22:79–86.
17. de Almeida L L, Ilha T A S H, de Carvalho J A M, et al. Sarcopenia and Its Association
with Vertebral Fractures in People Living with HIV. Calcif Tissue Int 2020;107(3):249–56.
Doi: 10.1007/S00223-020-00718-Y.
18. Ørstavik D, Kerekes K, Eriksen H M. The periapical index: a scoring system for
radiographic assessment of apical periodontitis. Endod Dent Traumatol 1986;2(1):20–34.
19. Kirkevang L L, Ørstavik D, Hörsted-Bindslev P, Wenzel A. Periapical status and quality of root fillings and coronal restorations in a Danish population. Int Endod J 2000;33(6):509–15.
20. World Health Organization. Oral health surveys: basic methods - 5th edition. 5th ed. World
Health Organization; 2013.
21. Terças A G, de Oliveira A E F, Lopes F F, Maia F E M. Radiographic study of the
prevalence of apical periodontitis and endodontic treatment in the adult population of Sao
Luis, MA, Brazil. J Appl Oral Sci 2006;14(3):183–7.
22. Marotta P S, Fontes T V, Armada L, Lima K C, Rôças I N, Siqueira J F. Type 2 diabetes
mellitus and the prevalence of apical periodontitis and endodontic treatment in an adult
brazilian population. J Endod 2012;38(3):297–300. Doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.11.001.
23. Sidaravicius B, Aleksejuniene J, Eriksen H M. Endodontic treatment and prevalence of apical periodontitis in an adult population of Vilnius, Lithuania. Endod Dent Traumatol
1999;15(5):210–5.
24. Al-Omari M A, Hazaa A, Haddad F. Frequency and distribution of root filled teeth and apical periodontitis in a Jordanian subpopulation. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2011;111(1):e59-65. Doi: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.08.007.
25. Tsuneishi M, Yamamoto T, Yamanaka R, et al. Radiographic evaluation of periapical status and prevalence of endodontic treatment in an adult Japanese population. Oral Surg Oral
Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2005;100(5):631–5. Doi: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.07.029.
26. Persic B R, Vidas J, Mance D, Pezelj-Ribaric S, Spalj S, Brekalo P I. Socio-economic and health status as a predictor of apical periodontitis in adult patients in Croatia. Oral Dis 2019;25(1):300–8. Doi: 10.1111/odi.12981.
27. Kirkevang L-L, Wenzel Ann. Risk indicators for apical periodontitis. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2003;31(1):59–67.
28. Frisk F, Hakeberg M. Socio-economic risk indicators for apical periodontitis. Acta Odontol Scand 2006;64(2):123–8. Doi: 10.1080/00016350500469680.
29. Kirkevang L-L, Væth M, Wenzel A. Ten-year follow-up observations of periapical and endodontic status in a Danish population. Int Endod J 2012;45(9):829–39. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02040.x.
30. Aminoshariae A, Kulild J C, Mickel A, Fouad A F. Association between Systemic Diseases and Endodontic Outcome: A Systematic Review. J Endod 2017:514–9. Doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.11.008.
31. de Brito LCN, da Rosa MAC, Lopes VS, Ferreira EF, Vieira LQ, Sobrinho APR. Brazilian HIV-infected population: assessment of the needs of endodontic treatment in the post-highly active antiretroviral therapy era. J Endod 2009;35(9):1178–81. Doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.05.004.
32. Huumonen S, Suominen A L, Vehkalahti M M. Prevalence of apical periodontitis in root filled teeth: findings from a nationwide survey in Finland. Int Endod J 2017;50(3):229–36. Doi: 10.1111/iej.12625.
33. Donnelly A, Coffey D, Duncan H F. A re-audit of the technical quality of undergraduate root canal treatment after the introduction of new technology and teaching practices. Int Endod J 2017;50(10):941–50. Doi: 10.1111/iej.12727.
34. Ng Y-L, Mann V, Rahbaran S, Lewsey J, Gulabivala K. Outcome of primary root canal
treatment: systematic review of the literature -- Part 2. Influence of clinical factors. Int
Endod J 2008;41(1):6–31. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2007.01323.x.
35. Kirkevang L-L, Vaeth M, Wenzel A. Tooth-specific risk indicators for apical periodontitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004;97(6):739–44. Doi:
10.1016/S1079210403005213.
36. Costa S, Martins C, Pinto M, Vasconcelos M, Abreu M. Socioeconomic Factors and Caries
in People between 19 and 60 Years of Age: An Update of a Systematic Review and Meta- Analysis of Observational Studies. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018;15(8):1775. Doi: 10.3390/ijerph15081775.
37. Langeland K. Tissue response to dental caries. Dent Traumatol 1987;3(4):149–71. Doi: 10.1111/j.1600-9657.1987.tb00619.x.
38. Ray H A, Trope M. Periapical status of endodontically treated teeth in relation to the technical quality of the root filling and the coronal restoration. Int Endod J 1995;28(1):12– 8.
39. Gillen B M, Looney S W, Gu L-S, et al. Impact of the Quality of Coronal Restoration versus the Quality of Root Canal Fillings on Success of Root Canal Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Endod 2011;37(7):895–902. Doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.04.002.
40. Liedke G S, Spin-Neto R, Vizzotto M B, Da Silveira P F, Silveira H E D, Wenzel A. Diagnostic accuracy of conventional and digital radiography for detecting misfit between the tooth and restoration in metal-restored teeth. J Prosthet Dent 2015;113(1):39–47. Doi: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2014.08.003.
41. Huumonen S, Ørstavik D. Radiological aspects of apical periodontitis. Endod Top 2002;1(1):3–25. Doi: 10.1034/j.1601-1546.2002.10102.x.
42. Negredo E, Massanella M, Puig J, et al. Nadir CD4 T cell count as predictor and high CD4 T cell intrinsic apoptosis as final mechanism of poor CD4 T cell recovery in virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients: Clinical implications. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50(9):1300– 8. Doi: 10.1086/651689.
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How to Cite
Prevalence of apical periodontitis in people living with HIV in southern Brazil. (2023). Revista Da Faculdade De Odontologia - UPF, 27(1). https://doi.org/10.5335/rfo.v27i1.14210
