Civil Society Organizations and Global Health
Rockefeller Philanthropy and Public Health in Sri Lanka
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.5335/hdtv.21n.3.12856Mots-clés :
Public health, Rockefeller Philanthropy, Sri LankaRésumé
Civil society organizations are playing a vital role in capacity building at the grassroots level around the world. Rockefeller philanthropy pioneered this civic responsibility, both at home and abroad, in controlling epidemic disease and developing public health. Since its inception in 1913, the Rockefeller Foundation had been involved in a wide range of public health programs in Sri Lanka (previously known as Ceylon), which was regarded as the key to the Foundation’s activities in Asia. Rockefeller philanthropy arrived in Sri Lanka during the European colonial rule in the early twentieth century and received a hostile reception from the colonial administration. The Foundation’s officials acted cautiously and listened to local citizens in developing public health strategies. Such efforts succeeded not only in combating disease and promoting health, but also achieving sustained community support. This paper is a critical inquiry of the program and its role in the development of a modern public health network in Sri Lanka.
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Références
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BERLINER, H. S. A system of medicine. New York: Tavistock Publications, 1985.
BRIDGER, J. F. E. Public health in Ceylon. British Medical Journal, p. 538, mar. 1., 1927.
BROWN, E. R. Rockefeller medicine men. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.
CHATTOPADHYAYA, H. P. Indians in Sri Lanka. Calcutta: O. P. S. Publishers, 1976.
CHELLAPPAH, S. F.; JACOCKS, W. P. A. Guide to health unit procedure. Colombo: Government of Ceylon, 1936.
DE SILVA, K. M. Notes and comments, tennent and indian immigration to Ceylon, 1846/7 – a Rejoinder. The Ceylon Journal of Historical and Social Studies, v. 9, n. 1, p. 73-80, 1966.
DE SILVA, K. M. Social policy and missionary organizations in Ceylon 1840 - 1855. London: Longmans, for the Royal Commonwealth Society, 1965.
FRIEDMAN, J. L.; MCGARVIE, M. D. Charity philanthropy and civility in American History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
GATES, F. T. Chapters in my life. New York: Free Press, 1977.
GATES, F. T. Memorandum regarding Rockefeller’s gift to be devoted to the improvement of medical education in the United States. RAC. RG 2, Series: Rockefeller Boards, Box 16, 1922.
GOVERNMENT OF SRI LANKA. Ministry of health, National Institute of Health Sciences. Kalutara: Sri Lanka, 1993.
HEISER, V. An american doctor’s odyssey. New York: W. W. Norton, 1936.
HEWA, S. Colonialism, tropical disease and imperial medicine: Rockefeller philanthropy in Sri Lanka. Lanham: University Press of America, 1995.
HEWA, S. Globalizing Primary Care: Rockefeller Philanthropy and the development of Community-Based approach to public health in Sri Lanka – What Can We learn? In: PAGE, B. B.; VALONE, D. A. (Eds.), Philanthropic foundations and the globalization of scientific medicine and public health. Lanham: University Press of America, p. 56-72, 2007.
HEWA, S. The hookworm epidemic on the plantations in Colonial Sri Lanka. Medical History, 38, p. 73-90, 1994.
ILETO, C. R. Cholera and the origins of the American Sanitary order in the Philippines. In: ARNOLD, David (Ed.). Imperial medicine and indigenous societies. Manchester: Manchester University Press, p. 125-147, 1988.
INTERNATIONAL BANK OF RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT. The economic development of Ceylon. Baltimore, Part II, 1952.
KOHLER, E. R. Science and philanthropy: Wickliffe Rose and the International Education Board, Minerva, v. 23, p. 75-95, 1985.
MARSHALL, H. Ceylon: a general description of the island and its inhabitants; With an historical sketch of the conquest of the colony by the English. London: William H. Allen, p. 131, 1846.
PERERA, M. Sri Lanka study of health volunteers. International Review of Community Health Workers: policy and practice. Colombo: Marga Institute, 1987.
PHILIPS, J. The hookworm campaign in Ceylon. In: TEAF, H. M.; FRANCK, P. G. (Eds.) Hands across frontiers: case studies in technical cooperation. Brill: Leide, 1955.
RAC. Anchylostomiasis campaign, summary. RG 5, Series 3, Box 193, 1923.
RAC. Annual Report on health unit work. RG 5, Series 3, Box 198, 1929c.
RAC. Annual Report on health unit work. RG 5, Series 3, Box 199, 1928a.
RAC. Annual Report on the health unit work. RG 5, Series 3, Box 200, 1929b.
RAC. Annual Report, health unit Matara. RG 5, Series 3, Box 201, 1930b.
RAC. Annual Report: Health unit work, local philanthropists built several dispensaries for health units across the country. For example, the dispensaries at Dondra and Walgama in the Matara health unit were built by Mr. Pabiris Silva, Mr. Weeratunga, and Mr. Wickremesinghe. RG 5, Series 3, Box 199, 1928b.
RAC. Ceylon – Sanitary and health conditions-hookworm disease. RG 5, Series 2, Box 47, p. 1-5, 1914.
RAC. Ceylon, Kalutara health unit designation for two years. RG 1.1, Series 462, Box 1, 1934.
RAC. Ceylon, Kalutara health unit. RG 1.1, Series 462, Box 1, 1935.
RAC. European planting community in regard to medical aid and sanitation. RG 5, Series 2, Box 47, 1921a.
RAC. First Annual report of the health unit Kalutara Badda. RG 5, Series 3, Box 198, 1926b.
RAC. Kalutara health unit, Ceylon. RG 1.1, Series 462, Box 1, 1933.
RAC. Maternity and child welfare, annexure (M). RG 462, 1932.
RAC. Preliminary report on health units. RG 5, Series 2, Box 48, 1926a.
RAC. Relief and control of hookworm disease in Ceylon. RG 5, Series 2, Box 47, 1918a.
RAC. Relief and control of hookworm disease in Ceylon. RG 5, Series 2, Box 47, 1920.
RAC. Report on work for the relief and control of hookworm disease in Ceylon. n. 7388. RG 5, Series 2, Box 47, Folder 292. Sept. 7, 1918b.
RAC. Suggested memorandum of procedure to control anchylostomiasis in Ceylon after the International Health Board’s officers are withdrawn. RG 5, Series 2, Box 48, 1922.
RAC. Summary report, anchylostomiasis campaigns – Ceylon. RG 5, Series 3, Box 193, 1921b.
RAC. The annual report, health unit Matara. RG 5, Series 3, Box 201, 1929a.
RAC. The report on the work of the Trincomalee health unit. RG 5, Series 3, Box 201, 1930a.
RAC. Working plan for the relief and control of anchylostomiasis in Ceylon. RG 5, Series 2, Box 48, 1916.
ROCKEFELLER, J. D. Random reminiscences of men and events. Tarrytown: Sleepy Hollow Press, 1983.
SLNA. Reps, Colombo: PCMO and IGH. Ceylon: Admin., 1899.
SLNA. Reps, Colombo: Principal Civil Medical Officer (PCMO) and Inspector General of Hospitals (IGH). Ceylon: Admin., 1888.
SLNA. Reps, Colombo: Registrar General of Ceylon. Ceylon: Admin., 1911–1912.
URAGODA, C. G. A history of medicine in Sri Lanka from the Earliest Time to 1948. Colombo: Sri Lanka Medical Association, 1987.
WORLD BANK. World Development Indicators. Washington D.C., 2010.
WHO – WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Health care in South-East Asia. New Delhi, 1989.
WHO – WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Primary health care. Report of the International Conference on Primary Health Care. Geneva, 1978.
WHO – WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health, closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the Social Determinants of Health. Geneva, 2008.
BERLINER, H. S. A system of medicine. New York: Tavistock Publications, 1985.
BRIDGER, J. F. E. Public health in Ceylon. British Medical Journal, p. 538, mar. 1., 1927.
BROWN, E. R. Rockefeller medicine men. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.
CHATTOPADHYAYA, H. P. Indians in Sri Lanka. Calcutta: O. P. S. Publishers, 1976.
CHELLAPPAH, S. F.; JACOCKS, W. P. A. Guide to health unit procedure. Colombo: Government of Ceylon, 1936.
DE SILVA, K. M. Notes and comments, tennent and indian immigration to Ceylon, 1846/7 – a Rejoinder. The Ceylon Journal of Historical and Social Studies, v. 9, n. 1, p. 73-80, 1966.
DE SILVA, K. M. Social policy and missionary organizations in Ceylon 1840 - 1855. London: Longmans, for the Royal Commonwealth Society, 1965.
FRIEDMAN, J. L.; MCGARVIE, M. D. Charity philanthropy and civility in American History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
GATES, F. T. Chapters in my life. New York: Free Press, 1977.
GATES, F. T. Memorandum regarding Rockefeller’s gift to be devoted to the improvement of medical education in the United States. RAC. RG 2, Series: Rockefeller Boards, Box 16, 1922.
GOVERNMENT OF SRI LANKA. Ministry of health, National Institute of Health Sciences. Kalutara: Sri Lanka, 1993.
HEISER, V. An american doctor’s odyssey. New York: W. W. Norton, 1936.
HEWA, S. Colonialism, tropical disease and imperial medicine: Rockefeller philanthropy in Sri Lanka. Lanham: University Press of America, 1995.
HEWA, S. Globalizing Primary Care: Rockefeller Philanthropy and the development of Community-Based approach to public health in Sri Lanka – What Can We learn? In: PAGE, B. B.; VALONE, D. A. (Eds.), Philanthropic foundations and the globalization of scientific medicine and public health. Lanham: University Press of America, p. 56-72, 2007.
HEWA, S. The hookworm epidemic on the plantations in Colonial Sri Lanka. Medical History, 38, p. 73-90, 1994.
ILETO, C. R. Cholera and the origins of the American Sanitary order in the Philippines. In: ARNOLD, David (Ed.). Imperial medicine and indigenous societies. Manchester: Manchester University Press, p. 125-147, 1988.
INTERNATIONAL BANK OF RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT. The economic development of Ceylon. Baltimore, Part II, 1952.
KOHLER, E. R. Science and philanthropy: Wickliffe Rose and the International Education Board, Minerva, v. 23, p. 75-95, 1985.
MARSHALL, H. Ceylon: a general description of the island and its inhabitants; With an historical sketch of the conquest of the colony by the English. London: William H. Allen, p. 131, 1846.
PERERA, M. Sri Lanka study of health volunteers. International Review of Community Health Workers: policy and practice. Colombo: Marga Institute, 1987.
PHILIPS, J. The hookworm campaign in Ceylon. In: TEAF, H. M.; FRANCK, P. G. (Eds.) Hands across frontiers: case studies in technical cooperation. Brill: Leide, 1955.
RAC. Anchylostomiasis campaign, summary. RG 5, Series 3, Box 193, 1923.
RAC. Annual Report on health unit work. RG 5, Series 3, Box 198, 1929c.
RAC. Annual Report on health unit work. RG 5, Series 3, Box 199, 1928a.
RAC. Annual Report on the health unit work. RG 5, Series 3, Box 200, 1929b.
RAC. Annual Report, health unit Matara. RG 5, Series 3, Box 201, 1930b.
RAC. Annual Report: Health unit work, local philanthropists built several dispensaries for health units across the country. For example, the dispensaries at Dondra and Walgama in the Matara health unit were built by Mr. Pabiris Silva, Mr. Weeratunga, and Mr. Wickremesinghe. RG 5, Series 3, Box 199, 1928b.
RAC. Ceylon – Sanitary and health conditions-hookworm disease. RG 5, Series 2, Box 47, p. 1-5, 1914.
RAC. Ceylon, Kalutara health unit designation for two years. RG 1.1, Series 462, Box 1, 1934.
RAC. Ceylon, Kalutara health unit. RG 1.1, Series 462, Box 1, 1935.
RAC. European planting community in regard to medical aid and sanitation. RG 5, Series 2, Box 47, 1921a.
RAC. First Annual report of the health unit Kalutara Badda. RG 5, Series 3, Box 198, 1926b.
RAC. Kalutara health unit, Ceylon. RG 1.1, Series 462, Box 1, 1933.
RAC. Maternity and child welfare, annexure (M). RG 462, 1932.
RAC. Preliminary report on health units. RG 5, Series 2, Box 48, 1926a.
RAC. Relief and control of hookworm disease in Ceylon. RG 5, Series 2, Box 47, 1918a.
RAC. Relief and control of hookworm disease in Ceylon. RG 5, Series 2, Box 47, 1920.
RAC. Report on work for the relief and control of hookworm disease in Ceylon. n. 7388. RG 5, Series 2, Box 47, Folder 292. Sept. 7, 1918b.
RAC. Suggested memorandum of procedure to control anchylostomiasis in Ceylon after the International Health Board’s officers are withdrawn. RG 5, Series 2, Box 48, 1922.
RAC. Summary report, anchylostomiasis campaigns – Ceylon. RG 5, Series 3, Box 193, 1921b.
RAC. The annual report, health unit Matara. RG 5, Series 3, Box 201, 1929a.
RAC. The report on the work of the Trincomalee health unit. RG 5, Series 3, Box 201, 1930a.
RAC. Working plan for the relief and control of anchylostomiasis in Ceylon. RG 5, Series 2, Box 48, 1916.
ROCKEFELLER, J. D. Random reminiscences of men and events. Tarrytown: Sleepy Hollow Press, 1983.
SLNA. Reps, Colombo: PCMO and IGH. Ceylon: Admin., 1899.
SLNA. Reps, Colombo: Principal Civil Medical Officer (PCMO) and Inspector General of Hospitals (IGH). Ceylon: Admin., 1888.
SLNA. Reps, Colombo: Registrar General of Ceylon. Ceylon: Admin., 1911–1912.
URAGODA, C. G. A history of medicine in Sri Lanka from the Earliest Time to 1948. Colombo: Sri Lanka Medical Association, 1987.
WORLD BANK. World Development Indicators. Washington D.C., 2010.
WHO – WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Health care in South-East Asia. New Delhi, 1989.
WHO – WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Primary health care. Report of the International Conference on Primary Health Care. Geneva, 1978.
WHO – WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health, closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the Social Determinants of Health. Geneva, 2008.
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2021-08-24
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Civil Society Organizations and Global Health: Rockefeller Philanthropy and Public Health in Sri Lanka. (2021). Revista História: Debates E Tendências, 21(3), 135-152. https://doi.org/10.5335/hdtv.21n.3.12856
